This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

Models that depict innovation as a smooth, well-behaved linear process badly misspecify the nature and direction of the causal factors at work. Innovation is complex, uncertain, somewhat disorderly, and subject to changes of many sorts. Innovation is also difficult to measure and demands close coordination of adequate technical knowledge and excellent market judgment in order to satisfy economic, technological, and other types of constraints—all simultaneously. The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but also of market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and the social contexts of the innovation organization.

An Overview of Innovation

政治自由主义 = Political liberalism

Investors systematically deviate from rationality when making financial decisions, yet the mechanisms responsible for these deviations have not been identified. Using event-related fMRI, we examined whether anticipatory neural activity would predict optimal and suboptimal choices in a financial decision-making task. We characterized two types of deviations from the optimal investment strategy of a rational risk- neutral agent as risk-seeking mistakes and risk-aversion mistakes. Nucleus accumbens activation preceded risky choices as well as risk- seeking mistakes, while anterior insula activation preceded riskless choices as well as risk-aversion mistakes. These findings suggest that distinct neural circuits linked to anticipatory affect promote different types of financial choices, and indicate that excessive activation of these circuits may lead to investing mistakes. Thus, consideration of anticipatory neural mechanisms may add predictive power to the rational actor model of economic decision-making.

The Neural Basis of Financial Risk Taking

The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility. By David Vogel. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute, 2005. 222p. $28.95.Is there a “market for virtue”? If so, what can it do, and what can it not do to improve our world? In his incisive new book, David Vogel takes aim at these questions and the now-fashionable claim that there is a business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR). He concludes that there is no business case that can be generalized to all firms per se, but there is a political case for broadening what we mean by that much-used term.

The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility

This paper contributes to the (re-)conceptualisation of responsible innovation by proposing an evolutionary economic approach that focuses on the role of consumers in the innovation process. After a discussion of the philosophical foundations and ethical implications of this approach, which bears an explanatory potential that has not been adequately considered in previous discussions of responsible innovation, we present a first step towards capturing the important but often neglected role of consumers in innovation processes (including responsible innovation): We propose an agent-based model that incorporates a multidimensional space of characteristics in which new products or services are represented by more than the mere aspect of price and quality. Instead, innovations are denoted by a large set of characteristics, including also negative or harmful ones. The model is used to illustrate that consumers’ heterogeneity and bounded rationality – even if considered in a simple manner – indeed play a crucial role in the creation and diffusion of responsible innovation which can and should be used for further work in this field and for possible extensions of the model.

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Evolutionary Economics, Responsible Innovation and Demand: Making a Case for the Role of Consumers

Thomas Straubhaar und Ingrid Hohenleitner skizzieren das Modell eines bedingungslos gewahrten Grundeinkommens. Sie zeigen, dass es auch fur Deutschland finanzierbar ist. Sie sehen im Grundeinkommen die Chance, den Staatshaushalt nachhaltig zu sanieren und den Sozialstaat auch fur kunftige Generationen wieder finanzierbar zu machen. Sie zeigen, dass insbesondere im Niedriglohnbereich neue Arbeitsplatze im Umfang von bis zu 1,17 Millionen Vollzeitstellen geschaffen werden konnten. Michael Opielka sieht im Modell von Althaus eine Art Kombilohn fur alle. Ein Teil des Volkseinkommens werde auf alle verteilt. Mit einer Mischung aus Pragmatismus und Idealismus schaffe das Solidarische Burgergeld einerseits einen echten Arbeitsmarkt, mache zugleich aber Teilzeitarbeit lohnend und sichere freiwilliges Engagement und Bildungsphasen ab. Mit dem Solidarischen Burgergeld fuhre die Lohndifferenzierung im unteren Einkommensbereich nicht mehr zu Armut. Das Solidarische Burgergeld von Dieter Althaus ware ein wichtiger Schritt auf dem Wege zu mehr gesellschaftlicher Solidaritat, zu mehr Subsidaritat und zu mehr (sozialer) Gerechtigkeit. Zu diesem Fazit kommt Michael Schramm. Zudem wurde das System der sozialen Sicherung auf eine okonomisch tragfahige Basis gestellt und eine Belebung des Arbeitsmarktes sowie der unternehmerischen Krafte bewirkt.

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Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen und Solidarisches Bürgergeld – mehr als sozialutopische Konzepte

The foreclosure crisis is among the most significant challenges facing American cities today. It has been difficult as a nation to assess the damage to housing stock, neighborhoods, and communities, let alone decide upon strategies to repair and move forward. As new foreclosures continue to mount, their impact spreads from central cities to places that initially seemed immune.

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Facing the Foreclosure Crisis in Greater Cleveland: What Happened and How Communities are Responding

Contents: The Erfurt Manifesto. Common stance of all contributors Commentary on the Erfurt manifesto. Introduction: justice for the poor a " a global paradigm in progress and dispute, Elke Mack. Part 1 Poverty Data Under Scrutiny: Levels and trends in absolute poverty in the world: what we know and what we don't, Stephan Klasen Identifying absolute global poverty in 2005: the measurement question, Michael Ward How world poverty is measured and tracked, Thomas Pogge. Part 2 Christian Ethics on Justice and the Poor: Christian ethics and the challenge of absolute poverty, Clemens Sedmak 'De iustitia in mundo' a " global justice in the tradition of the social teaching of the Catholic church, Gerhard Kruip Religions and global justice: reflections from an inter-cultural and inter-religious perspective, Johannes MA ller and Michael Reder. Part 3 Global Theories of Justice and Responsibility: On the concept of global justice, Peter Koller Poverty and responsibility, Stefan Gosepath Absolute poverty and global inequality, Darrel Moellendorf Sufficientarianism: both international and intergenerational?, Lukas Meyer The alleged dichotomy between positive and negative rights and duties, Elizabeth Ashford Complicity in harmful action: contributing to world poverty and duties of care, Barbara Bleisch Transnational political elites and their duties of the common good, Eike Bohlken World poverty and moral free-riding: the obligations of those who profit from global injustice, Norbert Anwander. Part 4 Policies and Actions: Medicines for the world: boosting innovation without obstructing free access, Thomas Pogge Not only ' a simple math equation': business organisations as agents for poverty reduction, Michael Schramm and Judit Seid The role of corporate citizens in fighting poverty: an ordonomic approach to global justice, Ingo Pies and Stefan Hielscher Global justice in the context of worldwide poverty and climate change, Johannes Wallacher. Conclusion: the paradox of poverty research: why is extreme poverty not in focus?, Else A"yen Index.

Absolute Poverty and Global Justice: Empirical Data - Moral Theories - Initiatives

We are all in favor of some concept of “Creating Shared Value”. The question is, accordingly, not whether one advocates a “Creating Shared Value”, but which concept of “Creating Shared Value” is plausible and productive. This paper examines the question as to whether Michael E. Porter’s and Marc R. Kramer’s specific concept of “Creating Shared Value” is convincing or not, through the lens of a research program called “Business Metaphysics”, referring predominantly to the “Process Metaphysics” of Alfred North Whitehead and the “Transaction Economics” of John R. Commons. As a result, the paper shows that Porter and Kramer commit the “Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness”, namely of mistaking the abstract (the ideal world of an overall “win-win”) for the concrete (the contingent and “messy” world of real business).

Michael Schramm

Papers

Evolutionary Economics, Responsible Innovation and Demand: Making a Case for the Role of Consumers

Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen und Solidarisches Bürgergeld – mehr als sozialutopische Konzepte

Facing the Foreclosure Crisis in Greater Cleveland: What Happened and How Communities are Responding

Absolute Poverty and Global Justice: Empirical Data - Moral Theories - Initiatives

How the (Business) World Really Works. Business Metaphysics & “Creating Shared Value”