世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6.pdf

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health

This paper aims to present a theoretical survey of the capability approach in an interdisciplinary and accessible way. It focuses on the main conceptual and theoretical aspects of the capability approach, as developed by Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum, and others. The capability approach is a broad normative framework for the evaluation and assessment of individual well‐being and social arrangements, the design of policies, and proposals about social change in society. Its main characteristics are its highly interdisciplinary character, and the focus on the plural or multidimensional aspects of well‐being. The approach highlights the difference between means and ends, and between substantive freedoms (capabilities) and outcomes (achieved functionings).

The Capability Approach: a theoretical survey

Anarchy, state, and utopia

Scholars of culture, humanities and social sciences have increasingly come to an appreciation of the importance of the legal domain in social life, while critically engaged socio-legal scholars around the world have taken up the task of understanding "Law's Empire" in all of its cultural, political, and economic dimensions. The questions arising from these intersections, and addressing imperialisms past and present forms the subject matter of a special symposium issue of Social Identities under the editorship of Griffith University's Rob McQueen, and UBC's Wes Pue and with contributions from McQueen, Ian Duncanson, Renisa Mawani, David Williams, Emma Cunliffe, Chidi Oguamanam, W. Wesley Pue, Fatou Camara, and Dianne Kirkby. This paper introduces the volume, forthcoming in late 2007. The central problematique of this issue has previously been explored through the 2005 Law's Empire conference, an informal but vibrant postcolonial legal studies network.

Law's Empire

Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of human beings are still condemned to life long severe poverty, with all its attendant evils of low life expectancy, social exclusion, ill health, illiteracy, dependency, and effective enslavement. The annual death toll from poverty-related causes is around 18 million, or one-third of all human deaths, which adds up to approximately 270 million deaths since the end of the Cold War.

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World Poverty and Human Rights

The human future suddenly seems open. This is an inspiration; we can step back and think more freely. Instead of containment or detente, political scientists are discussing grand pictures: the end of history, or the inevitable proliferation and mutual pacifism of capitalist democracies. And politicians are speaking of a new world order. My inspiration is a little more concrete. After developing a rough, cosmopolitan specification of our task to promote moral progress, I offer an idea for gradual global institutional reform. Dispersing political authority over nested territorial units would decrease the intensity of the struggle for power and wealth within and among states, thereby reducing the incidence of war, poverty, and oppression. In such a multilayered scheme, borders could be redrawn more easily to accord with the aspirations of peoples and communities.

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Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty

Introduction.I Some Cautions About Our Moral JudgementsII Four Easy Reasons to Ignore World PovertyIII Defending Our Acquiescence in World PovertyIV Does Our New Global Economic Order Really Not Harm the Poor?V Responsibilities and ReformsChapter 1: Human Flourishing and Universal Justice1.0 Introduction1.1 Social Justice1.2 Paternalism1.3 Justice in First Approximation1.4 Essential Refinements1.5 Human Rights1.6 Specification of Human Rights and Responsibilities for their Realization1.7 ConclusionChapter 2: How Should Human Rights be Conceived?2.0 Introduction2.1 From Natural Law to Rights2.2 From Natural Rights to Human Rights2.3 Official Disrespect2.4 The Libertarian Critique of Social and Economic Rights2.5 The Critique of Social and Economic Rights as 'Manifesto Rights'2.6 Disputes about Kinds of Human RightsChapter 3: Loopholes in Moralities3.0 Introduction3.1 Types of Incentives3.2 Loopholes3.3 Social Arrangements3.4 Case 1: The Converted Apartment Building3.5 Case 2: The Homelands Policy of White South Africa3.6 An Objection3.7 Strengthening3.8 Fictional Histories3.9 Puzzles of Equivalence3.10 ConclusionChapter 4: Moral Universalism and Global Economic Justice4.0 Introduction4.1 Moral Universalism4.2 Our Moral Assessment of National and Global Economic Orders4.3 Some Factual Background about the Global Economic Order4.3.1 The Extent of World Poverty4.3.2 The Extent of Global Inequality4.3.3 Trends in World Poverty and Inequality 4.4 Conceptions of National and Global Economic Justice Contrasted4.5 Moral Universalism and David Miller's Contextualism4.6 Contextualist Moral Universalism and John Rawls's Moral Conception4.7 Rationalizing Divergent Moral Conceptions Through a Double Standard4.8 Rationalizing Divergent Moral Conceptions Without a Double Standard4.9 The Causal Role of Global Institutions in the Persistence of Severe Poverty4.10 ConclusionChapter 5: The Bounds of Nationalism5.0 Introduction5.1 Common Nationalism - Priority for the Interests of Compatriots5.2 Lofty Nationalism - The Justice-for-Compatriots Priority5.3 Explanatory Nationalism - The Deep Significance of National Borders5.4 ConclusionChapter 6: Achieving Democracy6.0 Introduction6.1 The Structure of the Problem Faced by Fledgling Democracies6.2 Reducing the Expected Rewards of Coups d'Etat6.3 Undermining the Borrowing Privilege of Authoritarian Predators6.3.1 The Criterial Problem6.3.2 The Tit-For-Tat Problem6.3.3 The Establishment Problem6.3.4 Synthesis6.4 Undermining the Resource Privilege of Authoritarian Predators6.5 ConclusionChapter 7: Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty7.0 Introduction7.1 Institutional Cosmopolitanism Based on Human Rights7.2 The Idea of State Sovereignty7.3 Some Main Reasons for a Vertical Dispersal of Sovereignty7.3.1 Peace and Security7.3.2 Reducing Oppression7.3.3 Global Economic Justice7.3.4 Ecology/Democracy7.4 The Shaping and Reshaping of Political Units7.5 ConclusionChapter 8: Eradicating Systemic Poverty: Brief for a Global Resources Dividend8.0 Introduction8.1 Radical Inequality and Our Responsibility8.2 Three Grounds of Injustice8.2.1 The Effects of Shared Social Institutions8.2.2 Uncompensated Exclusion from the Use of Natural Resources8.2.3 The Effects of a Common and Violent History8.3 A Moderate Proposal8.4 The Moral Argument for the Proposed Reform8.5 Is the Reform Proposal Realistic?8.6 ConclusionNotesBibliographyIndex

World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms

L'A. examine la theorie du «droit des gens» de Rawls qui, dans ses derniers ouvrages, n'a aucune composante distributive egalitaire. L'A. rappelle les principes de l'egalitarisme et s'interroge sur leur applicabilite pragmatique, avant de discuter la position de Rawls sur la justice distributive internationale et sa controverse avec Nozick

https://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/Pogge-An-Egalitarian-Law-of-Peoples.pdf

An Egalitarian Law of Peoples

The World Bank's approach to estimating the extent, distribution and trend of global income poverty is neither meaningful nor reliable. The Bank uses an arbitrary international poverty line that is not adequately anchored in any specification of the real requirements of human beings. Moreover, it employs a concept of purchasing power equivalence that is neither well defined nor appropriate for poverty assessment. These difficulties are inherent in the Bank's "money-metric" approach and cannot be credibly overcome without dispensing with this approach altogether. In addition, the Bank extrapolates incorrectly from limited data and thereby creates an appearance of precision that masks the high probable error of its estimates. It is difficult to judge the nature and extent of the errors in global poverty estimates that these three flaws produce. However, there is reason to believe that the Bank's approach may have led it to understate the extent of global income poverty and to infer without adequate justification that global income poverty has steeply declined in the recent period. A new methodology of global poverty assessment, focused directly on what is needed to achieve elementary human requirements, is feasible and necessary. A practical approach to implementing an alternative is described.

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Thomas Pogge

Papers

World Poverty and Human Rights

Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty

World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms

An Egalitarian Law of Peoples

How Not to Count the Poor