抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.

/pdf/spintronics-fundamentals-and-applications-2dx38n6phu.pdf

Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

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Electronic Transport In Mesoscopic Systems

This paper describes a project to create a novel design and simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), namely QCADesigner. QCA logic and circuit designers require a rapid and accurate simulation and design layout tool to determine the functionality of QCA circuits. QCADesigner gives the designer the ability to quickly layout a QCA design by providing an extensive set of CAD tools. As well, several simulation engines facilitate rapid and accurate simulation. This tool has already been used to design full-adders, barrel shifters, random-access memories, etc. These verified layouts provide motivation to continue efforts toward a final implementation of QCA circuits.

QCADesigner: a rapid design and Simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata

The presence of spin-orbit coupling affects the spontaneously flowing persistent currents in mesoscopic conducting rings. Here we analyze their dependence on magnetic flux with emphasis on identifying possibilities to prove the presence and extract the strength of Rashba spin splitting in low-dimensional systems. Effects of disorder and mixing between quasi-one-dimensional ring subbands are considered. The spin-orbit coupling strength can be inferred from the values of flux where sign changes occur in the persistent charge current. As an important consequence of the presence of spin splitting, we identify a nontrivial persistent spin current that is not simply proportional to the charge current. The different flux dependences of persistent charge and spin currents are a unique signature of spin-orbit coupling affecting the electronic structure of the ring.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0305310.pdf

Persistent current in ballistic mesoscopic rings with Rashba spin-orbit coupling

We present analytical and numerical results for the effect of Rashba spin-orbit coupling on band structure, transport, and interaction effects in quantum wires when the spin precession length is comparable to the wire width. The situation with only the lowest spin-split subbands occupied is particularly interesting because electrons close to Fermi points of the same chirality can have approximately parallel spins. We discuss consequences for spin-dependent transport and effective Tomonaga-Luttinger descriptions of interactions in the quantum wire.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0201164.pdf

Spin accumulation in quantum wires with strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling

Spin currents can be obtained through adiabatic pumping by means of electrical gating only. This is possible by making use of the tunability of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling in semiconductor heterostructures. We demonstrate the principles of this effect by considering a single-channel wire with a constriction. We also consider realistic structures, consisting of several open channels where subband spin mixing and disorder are present, and we confirm our predictions. Two different ways to detect the spin-pumping effect, either using ferromagnetic leads or applying a magnetic field, are discussed.

http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0211211.pdf

Pumping spin with electrical fields

Electron pumps usually deliver small numbers of electrons by using strong Coulomb blockade to limit their flow under an applied bias. By periodically modulating the wavefunction of the electrons in a hybrid superconducting device, they can be delivered without bias.

/pdf/a-josephson-quantum-electron-pump-5abtr663l2.pdf

A Josephson quantum electron pump

We study nonadiabatic two-parameter charge and spin pumping through a single-level quantum dot with Coulomb interaction. For the limit of weak tunnel coupling and in the regime of pumping frequencies up to the tunneling rates, $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\Gamma}/\ensuremath{\hbar}$, we perform an exact resummation of contributions of all orders in the pumping frequency. As striking nonadiabatic signatures, we find frequency-dependent phase shifts in the charge and spin currents, which opens the possibility to control charge and spin currents by tuning the pumping frequency. This includes the realization of an effective single-parameter pumping as well as pure spin without charge currents.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0506080.pdf

Michele Governale

Papers

Persistent current in ballistic mesoscopic rings with Rashba spin-orbit coupling

Spin accumulation in quantum wires with strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling

Pumping spin with electrical fields

A Josephson quantum electron pump

Adiabatic pumping through interacting quantum dots.