The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata)

Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many applications, is one of the world's most versatile natural product. This refreshing beverage is consumed worldwide as it is nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing scientific evidence that supports the role of coconut water in health and medicinal applications. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture/micropropagation. The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by its unique chemical composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytohormones. This review attempts to summarise and evaluate the chemical composition and biological properties of coconut water.

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The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water

The rapid development of optoelectronic technology since mid-1980 has significantly enhanced the brightness and efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs have long been proposed as a primary light source for space-based plant research chamber or bioregenerative life support systems. The raising cost of energy also makes the use of LEDs in commercial crop culture imminent. With their energy efficiency, LEDs have opened new perspectives for optimizing the energy conversion and the nutrient supply both on and off Earth. The potentials of LED as an effective light source for indoor agricultural production have been explored to a great extent. There are many researches that use LEDs to support plant growth in controlled environments such as plant tissue culture room and growth chamber. This paper provides a brief development history of LEDs and a broad base review on LED applications in indoor plant cultivation since 1990.

High-brightness LEDs—Energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation

CONTENTS 36.1 Bio-Char Management and Soil Nutrient Availability 518 36.2 Microbial Cycling of Nutrients in Soils with Bio-Char 519 36.3 Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Soils with Bio-Char 521 36.4 Slash-and-Char as an Alternative to Slash-and-Burn 521 36.4.1 Efficiency of Conversion 522 36.4.2 Supply of Material 522 36.4.3 Duration 522 36.4.4 Sustainability 523 36.4.5 Labor Requirements 524 36.5 Discussion 524 Annex 525 References 527

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Bio-char soil management on highly weathered soils in the humid tropics

The role of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture.

Unrooted strawberry cv. `Akihime' shoots with three leaves obtained from standard mixotrophic cultures were cultured in the ``Culture Pack''-rockwool system with sugar-free MS medium under CO2-enriched condition. To examine the effect of superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on in vitro growth of plantlets, these cultures were placed in an incubator, ``LED PACK'', with either red LEDs, red LEDs1blue LEDs or blue LEDs light source. To clarify the optimum blue and red LED ratio, cultures were placed in ``LED PACK 3'' under LED light source with either 100, 90, 80, or 70% red + 0, 10, 20, 30% blue, respectively, and also under standard heterotrophic conditions. To determine the effects of irradiation level, cultures were grown under 90% red LEDs + 10% blue LEDs at 45, 60 or 75 μmol m−2 s−1 . Plantlet growth was best at 70% red + 30% blue LEDs. The optimal light intensity was 60 μmol m−2 s−1. Growth after transfer to soil was also best after in vitro culture with plantlets produced were 70% red LEDs + 30% blue LEDs.

Responses of strawberry plantlets cultured in vitro under superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

SummaryThe effects of light generated by superbright blue and red LEDs on the growth of Cymbidium plantlets cultured in vitro have been studied. Leaf growth, chlorophyll content and shoot and root weights were affected by different LED irradiations. Red light promoted leaf growth but decreased chlorophyll content. This was reversed by blue light. The growth of Cymbidium plantlets in terms of increase in total shoot and root weights was comparable under red plus blue LEDs and the fluorescent systems. Generally, the response to different LED was similar for plantlets grown on sugar-free medium with or without CO2 enrichment and sugar-containing medium but without CO2 enrichment. The growth of Cymbidium plantlets was enhanced by CO2 enrichment. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of a total irradiation system for Cymbidium plantlets growth in vitro. The significance of our findings in relation to the development of a suitable lighting system for plant tissue culture is discussed.

In vitro growth of Cymbidium plantlets cultured under superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Callus induction and plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Phalaenopsis Richard Shaffer `Santa Cruz' were examined. Protocorm-like body (PLB) segments formed calli in Vacin and Went medium with sucrose. The optimal concentration of sucrose was 40 g ⋅ l–1. Medium containing 200 ml ⋅ l–1 coconut water together with 40 g ⋅ l–1 sucrose was effective for callus induction. Gellan gum was suitable than agar as a gelling agent for callus induction. The calli easily formed PLBs after being transferred to a medium without sucrose. Histological observation suggested that the PLBs were somatic embryos. No variation was observed in the flowering plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis.

Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of Phalaenopsis

http://images.wikia.com/orchids/en/images/d/d8/Callus_formation_and_plant_regeneration_from_callus_through_somatic_embryo_structures_in_Cymbidium_orchid.pdf

Callus formation and plant regeneration from callus through somatic embryo structures in Cymbidium orchid

Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and callus were induced in epiphytic hybrid Cymbidium Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’, where induction capacity was strongly explant dependent. Following the use of various explant sources (PLB, leaf tip or base, root tip or base, cell and tissue ‘suspension’), highest PLB formation and callus induction occurred when we used whole PLBs, PLB segments or PLB transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs) or longitudinal TCLs (lTCLs). Plantlet growth and photosynthetic state from whole or bisected PLBs, as well as from tTCLs were not significantly different, after analysis of chlorophyll content. However plantlets generated from lTCLs showed lower values for growth and photosynthetic parameters. All resultant plants were shown to be cytogenetically identical using RAPD and mtDNA analysis despite cytological variation and endopolyploidy occuring between different plant parts. Acclimatization and survival rate was shown to be 100% in the generated plants.

Priming biotic factors for optimal protocorm-like body and callus induction in hybrid Cymbidium (Orchidaceae), and assessment of cytogenetic stability in regenerated plantlets

Michio Tanaka

Papers

Responses of strawberry plantlets cultured in vitro under superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

In vitro growth of Cymbidium plantlets cultured under superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of Phalaenopsis

Callus formation and plant regeneration from callus through somatic embryo structures in Cymbidium orchid

Priming biotic factors for optimal protocorm-like body and callus induction in hybrid Cymbidium (Orchidaceae), and assessment of cytogenetic stability in regenerated plantlets