In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the power and personality book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scientific books will also be the best reason to choose, especially for the students, teachers, doctors, businessman, and other professions who are fond of reading.

Power and personality

This paper examines how an individual's moral norms and demographic characteristics interact with the standard ‘Theory of Planned Behavior’ predictors (Attitude; Subjective Norms; and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)) in explaining the intention to recycle (RI). Our data originate from an empirical research of Greek citizens conducted in Autumn 2013 (N = 293). Through structural equation modeling, we find that PBC is consistently the most important predictor of RI. Moral norms have a larger effect on RI than Attitude while their influence is primarily direct. On the contrary, demographic characteristics were found to be statistically non-significant predictors of RI, similarly to Subjective Norms.

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior in the context of recycling: The role of moral norms and of demographic predictors

Kangassalo, Mikko : The Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility – An Examination of the Searchlight View, George Sher’s Alternative, and a Pragmatic View Master’s thesis Tampere University Master’s programme in philosophy May 2019 In recent years, there has been a lot of moral outrage on social media. Consequently, many seemingly unfruitful as well as misguided assignments of negative moral responsibility have been made by various moral agents and groups of agents. It seems that in public discourse moral responsibility is taken for granted in some implicit form, and the related outrage is dispensed in a very un-meditated fashion. This is well represented in the increased political polarization in the United States and many countries in Europe during the last few years and decades. It is also present in communication about vastly important scientific topics, such as climate change. These phenomena suggest that we ought to think more carefully about the role of knowledge in assigning responsibility, and our relevant ways of thinking and acting. The knowledge requirement or the epistemic condition is, along with the freedom or control requirement, one of the two classic necessary conditions for moral responsibility, first described by Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics. Lately, a prolific novel discussion about the condition has emerged. Motivated by the desire to examine where our interpersonal communication may be going wrong, the research question driving this thesis is: how should we think about the knowledge requirement of moral responsibility? Some recent discussion is critically examined. This is done primarily via George Sher’s examination of what he calls the searchlight view, his expansion of it via his full account of responsibility’s epistemic condition (FEC), and some answers that his account has generated. Sher argues that unlike the searchlight view suggests, there are situations where a moral agent can be responsible without awareness of morally relevant aspects of their situation. In answers to Sher, special attention is given to critical reviews by Michael J. Zimmerman and Angela Smith, whom Sher implicates as some of his contemporary opponents. The contemporary discussion is also more broadly outlined, with five main positions introduced. While Sher’s argument is intriguing and, in many parts, likely to appeal to many intuitively, considerable reservations are presented. In the current state of the discussion, there is a lot of disagreement on what kind of emphasis knowledge should be understood to have in moral responsibility. The example cases where Sher would have us intuitively see responsibility without awareness are found to be not so straightforward. Rather than merely trying to entangle our possibly incompatible and conflicting intuitions, an empirically informed pragmatic approach to the question of the role of knowledge in moral responsibility is suggested. An original pragmatic argument is presented for the importance of paying attention to the target agent’s awareness and level of knowledge when evaluating and communicating with them. The argument suggests that at least in some situations or topics it stands to reason that not respecting the knowledge requirement in a way that would seem incompatible with Sher’s account would lead to a moral paradox as well as to unpragmatic results in public communication. The resulting normative, consequentialist view – the pragmatic view – is noted to go against the prevailing descriptive, merit-based discussion about the epistemic condition, and its home is suggested to be located in fusion or cosmopolitan virtue ethics. In addition to a theoretical description of the pragmatic view, also a concrete applied answer to the research question and an approximately corresponding illustrative flowchart are formulated. According to the current iteration of the pragmatic view: moral outrage online and offline could be mitigated, public and private communication enhanced, flow of (morally relevant) knowledge in society facilitated, more constructive media conventions fostered, and political polarization reduced via cultivating the presented virtuous, pragmatic heuristic in our habits of agent evaluation and assigning moral responsibility. Further development of the pragmatic view is encouraged, and its application in addition to our personal lives is especially recommended for the contexts of artificial intelligence and social media platform design and design ethics.

The epistemic condition for moral responsibility : an examination of the searchlight view, George Sher's alternative, and a pragmatic view

Stakeholders’ willingness to pay for the new construction and demolition waste landfill charge scheme in Shenzhen: A contingent valuation approach

In this case report, a legal case revolving around the reliability of statements given by a 6-year-old girl is described. She claimed to have witnessed her mother being murdered by her father. Two psychological experts provided diametrically opposed opinions about the reliability of her statements. One expert, a clinician, opined that the girl's statements were based on autosuggestion whereas the other expert, a memory researcher, stated that autosuggestion was unlikely to have played a role. This case and the analysis of the experts' opinions illustrate what may happen when experts in court are unaware of the recent literature on (false) memory. That is, recent studies show that autosuggestion is less likely to occur in young children than in older children and adults. The current case stresses the importance and implications of relying on memory experts in cases concerning the reliability of eyewitness statements.

When Children are the Least Vulnerable to False Memories: A True Report or a Case of Autosuggestion?

Research has shown that eliciting commitment is a valuable way of inciting people to act, even in emergencies and dangerous situations. The purpose of the two studies presented here was to explore the relation between the form of commitment used to prevent a crime and the moderating effect exerted by the number of passive observers of this crime. At a bus stop, a first confederate put a bag down on the ground upon arriving and immediately left to withdraw money from an automated teller machine near the bus stop. Two male participants were present at the bus stop. In Study 1, the confederate said nothing (control), directly asked one participant to watch his bag (direct commitment), or asked all present to watch his bag (indirect commitment). About 30 seconds later, a male confederate walked up to the victim's bag, picked it up, and quickly walked away in the opposite direction of the victim. A total of 150 participants (50 per condition) were observed. It was found that 34% intervened in the control condi...

Commitment, crime, and the responsive bystander: effect of the commitment form and conformism

La reussite de la politique de revalorisation des dechets menagers repose sur l’adoption par chacun de pratiques domestiques adaptees L’enjeu pour les institutions concernees est que le plus grand nombre participe au dispositif de tri mis en place En combinant persuasion et engagement, la communication engageante offre une forme de communication encore peu exploree dans le but de modifier les pratiques de tri Les rares etudes realisees plaident neanmoins en sa faveur Notre etude compare trois formes de communication engageante differentes en faisant varier le soubassement comportemental : nous avons experimente un pied-dans-la-porte, un double-pied-dans-la-porte faiblement engageant et un double-pied-dans-la-porte fortement engageant Une mesure realisee six semaines apres l’experience permet de conclure que chacune des formes de communication engageante a permis de modifier les pratiques de tri auto-declarees des participants Les effets de la communication engageante varient egalement en fonction du soubassement comportemental Plus precisement, ils augmentent avec la repetition et l’importance de l’acte engageant

Communication engageante appliquée au tri sélectif : comparaison entre les techniques du pied-dans-la-porte et du double-pied-dans-la-porte

How to communicate on sorting? Several individual definitions and several strategies.

https://hal.univ-rennes2.fr/hal-01960243/document

Efficacité d’un feedback hebdomadaire sur la réduction du poids des ordures ménagères résiduelles

According to Howard's proposal of chaining compliance techniques and based on the proximity of interpretation of their effects, this study aimed to test a combination of two paradigms: a door-in-the-face request that makes a high-cost request before the target request and the but-you-are-free request that adds an evocation of freedom to the request. Two experiments were conducted (N = 120 and 1,292) to promote donations to non-profit organizations. There were four conditions. Participants were approached according to the door-in-the-face procedure, to the but-you-are-free procedure, to a combination of both of them, or directly in a control condition. There was an increase of compliance rates in experimental conditions compared to the control condition and an increase in the average amount donated in the combination condition compared to the control condition in the second study. Results are discussed in terms of responsibility and guilt mechanisms, and future developments are proposed.

Mickaël Dupré

Papers

Commitment, crime, and the responsive bystander: effect of the commitment form and conformism

Communication engageante appliquée au tri sélectif : comparaison entre les techniques du pied-dans-la-porte et du double-pied-dans-la-porte

How to communicate on sorting? Several individual definitions and several strategies.

Efficacité d’un feedback hebdomadaire sur la réduction du poids des ordures ménagères résiduelles

Door-in-the-Face and But-You-Are-Free: Testing the Effect of Combining Two No-Pressure Compliance Paradigms.