Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control

http://homepages.se.edu/cvonbergen/files/2013/01/Fifty-Years-of-the-Barratt-Impulsivenss-Scale_An-Update-and-Review.pdf

Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review

Genome-wide association studies have greatly improved our understanding of the genetic basis of disease risk. The fact that they tend not to identify more than a fraction of the specific causal loci has led to divergence of opinion over whether most of the variance is hidden as numerous rare variants of large effect or as common variants of very small effect. Here I review 20 arguments for and against each of these models of the genetic basis of complex traits and conclude that both classes of effect can be readily reconciled.

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Rare and common variants: twenty arguments

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) previously published treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in 2005, along with international commentaries and subsequent updates in 2007, 2009, and 2013. The last two updates were published in collaboration with the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD). These 2018 CANMAT and ISBD Bipolar Treatment Guidelines represent the significant advances in the field since the last full edition was published in 2005, including updates to diagnosis and management as well as new research into pharmacological and psychological treatments. These advances have been translated into clear and easy to use recommendations for first, second, and third- line treatments, with consideration given to levels of evidence for efficacy, clinical support based on experience, and consensus ratings of safety, tolerability, and treatment-emergent switch risk. New to these guidelines, hierarchical rankings were created for first and second- line treatments recommended for acute mania, acute depression, and maintenance treatment in bipolar I disorder. Created by considering the impact of each treatment across all phases of illness, this hierarchy will further assist clinicians in making evidence-based treatment decisions. Lithium, quetiapine, divalproex, asenapine, aripiprazole, paliperidone, risperidone, and cariprazine alone or in combination are recommended as first-line treatments for acute mania. First-line options for bipolar I depression include quetiapine, lurasidone plus lithium or divalproex, lithium, lamotrigine, lurasidone, or adjunctive lamotrigine. While medications that have been shown to be effective for the acute phase should generally be continued for the maintenance phase in bipolar I disorder, there are some exceptions (such as with antidepressants); and available data suggest that lithium, quetiapine, divalproex, lamotrigine, asenapine, and aripiprazole monotherapy or combination treatments should be considered first-line for those initiating or switching treatment during the maintenance phase. In addition to addressing issues in bipolar I disorder, these guidelines also provide an overview of, and recommendations for, clinical management of bipolar II disorder, as well as advice on specific populations, such as women at various stages of the reproductive cycle, children and adolescents, and older adults. There are also discussions on the impact of specific psychiatric and medical comorbidities such as substance use, anxiety, and metabolic disorders. Finally, an overview of issues related to safety and monitoring is provided. The CANMAT and ISBD groups hope that these guidelines become a valuable tool for practitioners across the globe.

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Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder

Quantitative genetic studies (i.e., twin and adoption studies) suggest that genetic influences contribute substantially to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Over the past 15 years, considerable efforts have been made to identify genes involved in the etiology of this disorder resulting in a large and often conflicting literature of candidate gene associations for ADHD. The first aim of the present study was to conduct a comprehensive meta-analytic review of this literature to determine which candidate genes show consistent evidence of association with childhood ADHD across studies. The second aim was to test for heterogeneity across studies in the effect sizes for each candidate gene as its presence might suggest moderating variables that could explain inconsistent results. Significant associations were identified for several candidate genes including DAT1, DRD4, DRD5, 5HTT, HTR1B, and SNAP25. Further, significant heterogeneity was observed for the associations between ADHD and DAT1, DRD4, DRD5, DBH, ADRA2A, 5HTT, TPH2, MAOA, and SNAP25, suggesting that future studies should explore potential moderators of these associations (e.g., ADHD subtype diagnoses, gender, exposure to environmental risk factors). We conclude with a discussion of these findings in relation to emerging themes relevant to future studies of the genetics of ADHD.

Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review.

Brief Counseling Intervention (BCI) and Medical advice (MA) are psychotherapeutic approaches used for the treatment of binge drinkers in Primary Care. Although binge drinking is a common pattern of alcohol misuse in Europe and in the US, no studies have evaluated those subjects who do not respond to Brief Counseling Interventions or Medical Advice. Objective . To determine the clinical and demographic characteristics of binge drinkers in whom BCI or MA are not effective in reducing harmful alcohol use. Methods . This is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized alcohol brief intervention trial with a 12-month follow-up period. A total of 674 subjects (89%) participated right through to the end of the study. The primary outcome measure was change in harmful alcohol use from baseline to 12 months. Results . The strongest baseline predictors of harmful alcohol use during follow-up were educational status, young adults, and high number of cigarettes smoked, present family history of alcoholism, treatment condition and number of drinks per episode of binge drinking. Conclusions . Binge drinkers are a heterogeneous group that responds to brief intervention or MA but in a subgroup of them these interventions fail to prevent harmful alcohol use. Other interventions should be implemented for these subjects.

/pdf/clinical-and-demographic-characteristics-of-binge-drinkers-yxidy9rthb.pdf

Clinical and demographic characteristics of binge drinkers associated with lack of efficacy of brief intervention and medical advice

BACKGROUND
TaqIA, the most widely analyzed genetic polymorphism in addictions, has traditionally been considered a gene marker for association with D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2). TaqIA is located in the coding region of the ANKK1 gene that overlaps DRD2 and encodes a predicted kinase ANKK1. The ANKK1 protein nonetheless had yet to be identified. This study examined the ANKK1 expression pattern as a first step to uncover the biological bases of TaqIA-associated phenotypes.


METHODS
Northern blot and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed to analyze the ANKK1 mRNA. To study ANKK1 protein expression, we developed two polyclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptides contained in the putative Ser/Thr kinase domain.


RESULTS
We demonstrate that ANKK1 mRNA and protein were expressed in the adult central nervous system (CNS) in human and rodents, exclusively in astrocytes. Ankk1 mRNA level in mouse astrocyte cultures was upregulated by apomorphine, suggesting a potential relationship with the dopaminergic system. Developmental studies in mice showed that ANKK1 protein was ubiquitously located in radial glia in the CNS, with an mRNA expression pick around embryonic Day 15. This time expression pattern coincided with that of the Drd2 mRNA. On induction of differentiation by retinoic acid, a sequential expression was found in human neuroblastoma, where ANKK1 was expressed first, followed by that of DRD2. An opposite time expression pattern was found in rat glioma.


CONCLUSIONS
Spatial and temporal regulation of the expression of ANKK1 suggest an involvement of astroglial cells in TaqIA-related neuropsychiatric phenotypes both during development and adult life.

Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Arriero

Papers

Clinical and demographic characteristics of binge drinkers associated with lack of efficacy of brief intervention and medical advice

The ANKK1 Gene Associated with Addictions Is Expressed in Astroglial Cells and Upregulated by

Dependencia al alcohol: de la neurobiología al tratamiento

Consideraciones éticas en las desintoxicaciones ultracortas

Psicosis por déficit de vitamina B12 en un paciente de edad avanzada