With much advancement in the field of nanotechnology, bioengineering, and synthetic biology over the past decade, microscales and nanoscales devices are becoming a reality. Yet the problem of engineering a reliable communication system between tiny devices is still an open problem. At the same time, despite the prevalence of radio communication, there are still areas where traditional electromagnetic waves find it difficult or expensive to reach. Points of interest in industry, cities, and medical applications often lie in embedded and entrenched areas, accessible only by ventricles at scales too small for conventional radio waves and microwaves, or they are located in such a way that directional high frequency systems are ineffective. Inspired by nature, one solution to these problems is molecular communication (MC), where chemical signals are used to transfer information. Although biologists have studied MC for decades, it has only been researched for roughly 10 year from a communication engineering lens. Significant number of papers have been published to date, but owing to the need for interdisciplinary work, much of the results are preliminary. In this survey, the recent advancements in the field of MC engineering are highlighted. First, the biological, chemical, and physical processes used by an MC system are discussed. This includes different components of the MC transmitter and receiver, as well as the propagation and transport mechanisms. Then, a comprehensive survey of some of the recent works on MC through a communication engineering lens is provided. The survey ends with a technology readiness analysis of MC and future research directions.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-of-recent-advancements-in-molecular-2pjzig1xwb.pdf

A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication

Book review: Applied cryptography: Protocols, algorithms, and source code in C

With much advancement in the field of nanotechnology, bioengineering and synthetic biology over the past decade, microscales and nanoscales devices are becoming a reality. Yet the problem of engineering a reliable communication system between tiny devices is still an open problem. At the same time, despite the prevalence of radio communication, there are still areas where traditional electromagnetic waves find it difficult or expensive to reach. Points of interest in industry, cities, and medical applications often lie in embedded and entrenched areas, accessible only by ventricles at scales too small for conventional radio waves and microwaves, or they are located in such a way that directional high frequency systems are ineffective. Inspired by nature, one solution to these problems is molecular communication (MC), where chemical signals are used to transfer information. Although biologists have studied MC for decades, it has only been researched for roughly 10 year from a communication engineering lens. Significant number of papers have been published to date, but owing to the need for interdisciplinary work, much of the results are preliminary. In this paper, the recent advancements in the field of MC engineering are highlighted. First, the biological, chemical, and physical processes used by an MC system are discussed. This includes different components of the MC transmitter and receiver, as well as the propagation and transport mechanisms. Then, a comprehensive survey of some of the recent works on MC through a communication engineering lens is provided. The paper ends with a technology readiness analysis of MC and future research directions.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-of-recent-advancements-in-molecular-2ytg7sys82.pdf

In today's world, the security of information is associated with valid and reliable encryption algorithms that we have used in our systems. Today, the latest methods for data encryption are based on DNA computing. In this paper, we consider a reliable data encryption algorithm (OTP) which is theoretically unbreakable, but it experiences some disadvantages in its algorithm. These drawbacks have prevented the common use of its scheme in modern cryptosystems. In this research, we include a logistic chaotic map as an input of OTP algorithm. So, the obtained result of `Matlab Simulation' could prove the efficiency of proposed algorithm in image encryption. In addition to the cryptography of text files, we can propose an interesting encryption algorithm based on a chaotic selection between original message DNA strands and OTP DNA strands. Finally, the empirical results of our proposed algorithm will be compared with AES Open SSl algorithm.

A novel text and image encryption method based on chaos theory and DNA computing

One of the grand challenges currently facing engineering, life sciences, and medicine is the development of fully functional nanorobots capable of sensing, decision making, and actuation. These nanorobots may aid in cancer therapy, site-specific drug delivery, circulating diagnostics, advanced surgery, and tissue repair. In this paper, we will discuss, from a bioinspired perspective, the challenges currently facing nanorobotics, including core design, propulsion and power generation, sensing, actuation, control, decision making, and system integration. Using strategies inspired from microorganisms, we will discuss a potential bioengineered nanorobot for cancer therapy.

Grand Challenges in Bioengineered Nanorobotics for Cancer Therapy

Toward the intelligent control of internal and external environments, we present an idea of the sequence design for the network formation of DNA-based nanorobots. We already developed a DNA nanomachine that has the potential ability of producing a functional molecule called “aptamer” when bacterial two-component signal transduction systems are detected. Here we have succeeded in demonstrating the network formation based on the sticky-end programming of DNA modules. By combining the aptamer transcription function with the network formation ability, we can implement various missions in DNA nanomacines. The network design is essential to keep the appropriate density, configurations and functions to carry out target missions. We expect that the network of DNA nanorobots make a contribution to realize the effective regulation of microorganisms to promote environmental preservation and health maintenance.

Design of molecular-based network robots-Toward the environmental control

We present a new model to realize true random one-time pad (OTP) encryption using DNA self-assembly OTP is an unbreakable cryptosystem if the pad (random key) is truly random, never reused, and kept secret Mathematical algorithms can generate pseudo-random numbers only “True” random numbers can be generated from a physical process such as thermal noise In this work, we propose a new tile-colony algorithm that can utilize the DNA hybridization process as an effective source for the random key construction, and discuss the error tolerance of this method Our results indicate that the molecular computation using DNA motifs will provide promising OTP applications

Design of True Random One-Time Pads in DNA XOR Cryptosystem.

Unbreakable encryption is theoretically possible but perfect operation is difficult. It is expected that DNA-based cryptography provides new solutions to realize a perfect secrecy system. For example, the self-assembly process in DNA logical computation can generate physical random numbers for encryption keys. Furthermore DNA-based steganography offers a unique method to keep the key and the cipher in safe. In this paper we describe a theoretical background on perfect secrecy based on Shannon entropy and present an empirical analysis on effectiveness of a DNA-based cryptosystem using a DNA motif called "triple crossover tile." In DNA computation, troublesome procedures to read out the calculation results prevent the realization of practical applications. To solve this problem, we already presented the idea of a direct readout method called "tile sequencing" with atomic force microscopy image analysis. "Tile sequencing" makes it possible to extract random calculation results, which is difficult to read out by existing methods. Here we discuss the appropriate application of the DNA cryptosystem taking advantage of "tile sequencing." Although there are still problems to be solved, the separation storage of specific information, such as medical records, and personal data using personal identifiers encrypted by DNA cryptography will be one of promising applications.

Analysis on Secure and Effective Applications of a DNA-Based Cryptosystem

We present a new model to realize true random one-time pad (OTP) encryption using DNA self-assembly. OTP is an unbreakable cryptosystem if the pad (random key) is truly random, never reused, and kept secret. Mathematical algorithms can generate pseudo-random numbers only. “True” random numbers can be generated from a physical process such as thermal noise. In this work, we propose a new tile-colony algorithm that can utilize the DNA hybridization process as an effective source for the random key construction, and discuss the error tolerance of this method. Our results indicate that the molecular computation using DNA motifs will provide promising OTP applications.

Design of True Random One-Time Pads in DNA XOR Cryptosystem

We present an error-tolerance scheme to encrypt information in DNA structures based on a one-time-pad (OTP) cryptosystem that provides theoretically unbreakable security. The problem of the DNA-based OTP encryption is the loss of synchronization between the message and the encryption key due to the DNA property of accepting mismatched base pairs. We propose a new implementation idea of encrypting algorithm with the fourfold fault tolerance against mismatches than the ordinary DNA XOR operation. Although there are several problems to be solved toward the practical use at this moment, it is expected that the molecular computation using DNA tiles will enlarge the application possibility of the OTP cryptosystem.

/pdf/effective-algorithm-to-encrypt-information-based-on-self-20o0pe1shf.pdf

Miki Hirabayashi

Papers

Design of molecular-based network robots-Toward the environmental control

Design of True Random One-Time Pads in DNA XOR Cryptosystem.

Analysis on Secure and Effective Applications of a DNA-Based Cryptosystem

Design of True Random One-Time Pads in DNA XOR Cryptosystem

Effective algorithm to encrypt information based on self-assembly of DNA tiles.