In 1993, the film Schindler's List provided what many commentators took to be simile and many others metaphor for the violence in Bosnia. The cinematic version of Thomas Keneally's 1982 book on the holocaust of the Jews of Cracow seemed to emblematize the horror of the "ethnic cleansing" of Muslims from northern and eastern Bosnia in the summer of 1992 and thereafter, complete with wretched people in cattle cars and "concentration camps" with starving prisoners.

6. Schindler’s Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing and Population Transfers

............................................................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................1 Spatializing nationalism studies ................................................................................................6 Spatializing the history of geography .....................................................................................12 Comments on sources and methodology ................................................................................18 The structure of the dissertation ..............................................................................................21 Chapter 1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL NETWORK IN INTERWAR YUGOSLAVIA ...............................................27 1.1. Anthropogeography between history and ethnology .......................................................32 1.2. The culture-historical method and its application to Yugoslavia .....................................43 1.3. Institutionalization of geography in the Yugoslav lands ..................................................47 1.3.1. Institutionalization in Zagreb ................................................................................47 1.3.2. Institutionalization in Belgrade .............................................................................50 1.3.3. Institutionalization in Ljubljana ............................................................................52 1.4. Teaching geography at the Yugoslav universities ...........................................................56 1.5. Communication within the network .................................................................................67 1.6. Scientific journals as vehicles of communication within the network .............................77 Chapter 2. SETTING THE CANON OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL NARRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: JOVAN CVIJIĆ AND ANTHROPOGEOGRAPHY OF THE BALKANS ..............................................89 2.1. Jovan Cvijić as a center of the Yugoslav geographical network......................................93 2.2. Cvijić’s vision of anthropogeography: The Belgrade school of geography ...................100 2.3. Development of the geographical canon before the creation of Yugoslavia .................104 2.3.1. The Serbian perspective before 1914 ..................................................................107 2.3.2. Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine: geography in the service of the nationalist project ..............................................109 2.3.3. A shift toward the Yugoslav perspective during the First World War ................113 2.4. Finalizing the canon: La Péninsule balkanique ..............................................................120 2.5. The boundaries and the internal composition of Yugoslavia .........................................133 Chapter 3. GEOGRAPHICAL NARRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA AFTER 1918 ...............................................137 3.1. Reassessing the role of Yugoslav geographers: narration instead of creation ...............138 3.2. Geographical narratives from the “periphery” ...............................................................144 3.3. The absence of geographical narratives on Yugoslavia among the Serbian geographers ...................................................................................................................152 3.4. Expansion and modification of Cvijić’s geography of Yugoslavia after 1918 ..............154

Creating national space(s) : anthropogeography and nation-building in interwar Yugoslavia, 1918-1941

Following the armistice of the First World War, the allied powers met in Paris in 1919 to establish a new political map for Europe and the former German colonies. This reterritorialization drew its rationale from cartographic calculations of borders and populations that depended on a process of assessing citizenship, racial identity and territory. In this paper I examine the role of these geographical and cartographical knowledges in geopolitical decision-making. Specifically, I focus on the American delegation's group of experts known as ‘the Inquiry’. The Inquiry's maps and reports framed the problem of contested areas such as the Balkans as one of race and territory. I argue that the Inquiry exercised a unique but little understood geopolitical influence on the geopolitics of Europe that echoed down the twentieth century. Le calcul cartographique de l'espace: la cartographie des races et les Balkans lors de la Conference de la paix de Paris en 1919 Au lendemain de l'Armistice de la Premiere Guerre mond...

The cartographic calculation of space: race mapping and the Balkans at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

Emmanuel de Martonne is well known among geographers as the founding father of geomorphology and as one of Paul Vidal de la Blache's main disciples. He also played a central role as a geographical expert on the Comite d'etudes, a body set up by Deputy Charles Benoist during the First World War to prepare guidelines for the organization of peace and, in particular, the demarcation of boundaries. De Martonne's special expertise was the construction and comparison of ethnographical maps. He applied his theories on ethnic mapping and improved methods of representation of mixed minorities to his map of the Romanian nation published in 1919 by the Service Geographique de l'Armee. In his reports on Central Europe, de Martonne claimed neutrality, but the graphical options employed on his map offered a biased view of the Romanian nation, inspired mainly by the views of the French school of regional geography.

Emmanuel de Martonne and the ethnographical cartography of central Europe (1917–1920)

Ferdinand Foch ended the First World War as Marshal of France and supreme commander of the Allied armies on the Western Front. Foch in Command is a pioneering study of his contribution to the Allied victory. Elizabeth Greenhalgh uses contemporary notebooks, letters and documents from previously under-studied archives to chart how the artillery officer, who had never commanded troops in battle when the war began, learned to fight the enemy, to cope with difficult colleagues and allies, and to manoeuvre through the political minefield of civil-military relations. She offers valuable insights into neglected questions: the contribution of unified command to the Allied victory; the role of a commander's general staff; and the mechanisms of command at corps and army level. She demonstrates how an energetic Foch developed war-winning strategies for a modern industrial war and how political realities contributed to his losing the peace.

Milledge L. Bonham

Papers

What Really Happened at Paris: The Story of the Peace Conference, 1918-1919

At the Supreme War Council