Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of a large number of inexpensive power-constrained wireless sensor nodes, which detect and monitor physical parameters around them through self-organization. Utilizing clustering algorithms to form a hierarchical network topology is a common method of implementing network management and data aggregation in WSNs. Assuming that the residual energy of nodes follows the random distribution, we propose a load-balanced clustering algorithm for WSNs on the basis of their distance and density distribution, making it essentially different from the previous clustering algorithms. Simulated tests indicate that the new algorithm can build more balanceable clustering structure and enhance the network life cycle.

Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm With Distributed Self-Organization for Wireless Sensor Networks

A survey on unequal clustering protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering Objectives in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Research Direction Analysis

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) became a key technology for a ubiquitous living and remains an active research due to the wide range of applications. The design of energy efficient WSN is still a greater research challenge. Clustering techniques have been widely used to reduce the energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. This paper introduces an algorithm named Fuzzy logic based Unequal clustering, and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based Routing, Hybrid protocol for WSN to eliminate hot spot problem and extend the network lifetime. This protocol comprises of Cluster Head (CH) selection, inter-cluster routing and cluster maintenance. Fuzzy logic selects CHs efficiently and divides the network into unequal clusters based on residual energy, distance to Base Station (BS), distance to its neighbors, node degree and node centrality. It uses ACO based routing technique for efficient and reliable inter-cluster routing from CHs to BS. Moreover, this protocol transmits data in a hybrid manner, i.e. both proactive and reactive manner. A threshold concept is employed to transmit/intimate sudden changes in the environment in addition to periodic data transmission. For proper load balancing, a new routing strategy is also employed where threshold based data transmission takes place in shortest path and the periodic data transmission takes place in unused paths. Cross-layer cluster maintenance phase is also used for uniform load distribution. The proposed method is intensively experimented and compared with existing protocols namely LEACH, TEEN, DEEC and EAUCF. The simulation results show that the proposed method attains maximum lifetime, eliminates hot spot problem and balances the energy consumption among all nodes efficiently.

Lifetime maximization of wireless sensor network using fuzzy based unequal clustering and ACO based routing hybrid protocol

Two-tier particle swarm optimization protocol for clustering and routing in wireless sensor network

Energy-balanced unequal clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy-Balanced Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: Energy-Balanced Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Owing to the limited resources of the sensor nodes, energy-efficient routing mechanism becomes one of the most important technologies in wireless sensor networks. As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols excel in network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on. In this paper, cluster-based routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are analyzed. Cluster head selection, cluster formation and data transmission are three key techniques in cluster-based routing protocols. As viewed from the three techniques, recent important cluster-based routing protocols and algorithms are presented. Meanwhile, several representative cluster-based routing protocols are introduced, and their characteristics and performances are compared. Finally, the future research issues in this area are pointed out.

Overview of cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Aiming at the issue of data anomalies and excessive measurement errors caused by the limitation that monitoring nodes in power distribution stations are vulnerable to the environment, an improved data fusion algorithm based on closeness concept is proposed in this research. First, the Grubbs criterion is used to validate the validity of the data, the invalid data is removed to form a set of valid values. Then, in order to reduce the influence of measurement error on the fusion accuracy, the support degree function is introduced to improve the method of target value selection and valid value processing in the closeness-based fusion algorithm. The simulation test results show that the algorithm can effectively reduce the mean square error of the fusion result and improve the fusion accuracy. 

Research on Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Algorithm for Monitoring of Power Distribution Station

Unequal clustering mechanism, in combination with inter-cluster multihop routing, provides a new effective way to balance the energy dissipation among nodes and prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a distributed energy-efficient unequal clustering mechanism (DEEUC) is proposed and evaluated. By a time based competitive clustering algorithm, DEEUC partitions all nodes into clusters of unequal size, in which the clusters closer to the base station have smaller size. The cluster heads of these clusters can preserve some more energy for the inter-cluster relay traffic and the “hot-spots” problem can be avoided. For inter-cluster communication, DEEUC adopts an energy-aware multihop routing to reduce the energy consumption of the cluster heads. Simulation results demonstrate that the protocol can efficiently decrease the dead speed of the nodes and prolong the network lifetime

Min Xiang

Papers

Energy-balanced unequal clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy-Balanced Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: Energy-Balanced Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Overview of cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Research on Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Algorithm for Monitoring of Power Distribution Station

Distributed Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks