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Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Plants

Grain filling and grain development are essential biological processes in the plant’s life cycle, eventually contributing to the final seed yield and quality in all cereal crops. Studies of how the different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain components contribute to the overall development of the seed are very scarce. We performed a proteomics and metabolomics analysis in four different developing components of the wheat grain (seed coat, embryo, endosperm, and cavity fluid) to characterize molecular processes during early and late grain development. In-gel shotgun proteomics analysis at 12, 15, 20, and 26 days after anthesis (DAA) revealed 15 484 identified and quantified proteins, out of which 410 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the seed coat, 815 in the embryo, 372 in the endosperm, and 492 in the cavity fluid. The abundance of selected protein candidates revealed spatially and temporally resolved protein functions associated with development and grain filling. Multiple wheat protein isoforms involved in starch synthesis such as sucrose synthases, starch phosphorylase, granule-bound and soluble starch synthase, pyruvate phosphate dikinase, 14-3-3 proteins as well as sugar precursors undergo a major tissue-dependent change in abundance during wheat grain development suggesting an intimate interplay of starch biosynthesis control. Different isoforms of the protein disulfide isomerase family as well as glutamine levels, both involved in the glutenin macropolymer pattern, showed distinct spatial and temporal abundance, revealing their specific role as indicators of wheat gluten quality. Proteins binned into the functional category of cell growth/division and protein synthesis/degradation were more abundant in the early stages (12 and 15 DAA). At the metabolome level all tissues and especially the cavity fluid showed highly distinct metabolite profiles. The tissue-specific data are integrated with biochemical networks to generate a comprehensive map of molecular processes during grain filling and developmental processes.

Spatial distribution of proteins and metabolites in developing wheat grain and their differential regulatory response during the grain filling process.

The evolution of seeds is a major reason why flowering plants are a dominant life form on Earth. The developing seed is composed of two fertilization products, the embryo and endosperm, which are surrounded by a maternally derived seed coat. Accumulating evidence indicates that efficient communication among all three seed components is required to ensure coordinated seed development. Cell communication within plant seeds has drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, we review current knowledge of cross-talk among the endosperm, embryo, and seed coat during seed development, and highlight recent advances in this field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jipb.13170

New insights into cell-cell communications during seed development in flowering plants

The evolution of seeds is a major reason why flowering plants are a dominant life form on Earth. The developing seed is composed of two fertilization products, the embryo and endosperm, which are surrounded by a maternally derived seed coat. Accumulating evidence indicates that efficient communication among all three seed components is required to ensure coordinated seed development. Cell communication within plant seeds has drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, we review current knowledge of cross-talk among the endosperm, embryo, and seed coat during seed development, and highlight recent advances in this field. 

New insights into cell–cell communications during seed development in flowering plants

The poor grain-filling initiation often causes the poor development of inferior spikelets (IS) which limits the yield potential of large panicle rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, it remains unclear why IS often has poor grain-filling initiation. In addressing this problem, this study conducted a field experiment involving two large panicle rice varieties, namely CJ03 and W1844, in way of removing the superior spikelets (SS) during flowering to force enough photosynthate transport to the IS. The results of this study showed that the grain-filling initiation of SS was much earlier than the IS in CJ03 and W1844, whereas the grain-filling initiation of IS in W1844 was evidently more promoted compared with the IS of CJ03 by removing spikelets. The poor sucrose-unloading ability, i.e., carbohydrates contents, the expression patterns of OsSUTs, and activity of CWI, were highly improved in IS of CJ03 and W1844 by removing spikelets. However, there was a significantly higher rise in the efficiency of sucrose to starch metabolism, i.e., the expression patterns of OsSUS4 and OsAGPL1 and activities of SuSase and AGPase, for IS of W1844 than that of CJ03. Removing spikelets also led to the changes in sugar signaling of T6P and SnRK1 level. These changes might be related to the regulation of sucrose to starch metabolism. The findings of this study suggested that poor sucrose-unloading ability delays the grain-filling initiation of IS. Nonetheless, the efficiency of sucrose to starch metabolism is also strongly linked with the grain-filling initiation of IS.

/pdf/efficiency-of-sucrose-to-starch-metabolism-is-related-to-the-2uskm2bong.pdf

Efficiency of Sucrose to Starch Metabolism Is Related to the Initiation of Inferior Grain Filling in Large Panicle Rice.

Embryo-endosperm interaction is the dominant process controlling grain filling, thus being crucial for yield and quality formation of the three most important cereals worldwide, rice, wheat, and maize. Fundamental science of functional genomics has uncovered several key genetic programs for embryo and endosperm development, but the interaction or communication between the two tissues is largely elusive. Further, the significance of this interaction for grain filling remains open. This review starts with the morphological and developmental aspects of rice grain, providing a spatial and temporal context. Then, it offers a comprehensive and integrative view of this intercompartmental interaction, focusing on (i) apoplastic nutrient flow from endosperm to the developing embryo, (ii) dependence of embryo development on endosperm, (iii) regulation of endosperm development by embryo, and (iv) bidirectional dialogues between embryo and endosperm. From perspective of embryo-endosperm interaction, the mechanisms underlying the complex quality traits are explored, with grain chalkiness as an example. The review ends with three open questions with scientific and agronomic importance that should be addressed in the future. Notably, current knowledge and future prospects of this hot research topic are reviewed from a viewpoint of crop physiology, which should be helpful for bridging the knowledge gap between the fundamental plant sciences and the practical technologies.

/pdf/embryo-endosperm-interaction-and-its-agronomic-relevance-to-2r68lbwvi9.pdf

Embryo-Endosperm Interaction and Its Agronomic Relevance to Rice Quality.

Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status. However, little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors on the surface temperature of a plant organ such as the rice spikelet. In this study, using a deactivated plant as reference, we developed a novel comparison method to dissect the environmental and physiological effects on temperature of rice spikelet. Three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting canopy features were used as testing materials. Temperatures of flag leaf, superior and inferior spikelets and their diurnal rhythm during grain filling stage were precisely measured by a hand-held infrared thermometer. The results showed that the variation of environmental conditions within a panicle was relatively minor, posing a limited influence on temperature difference between the superior and inferior spikelet. On the other hand, it was the intrinsic physiological properties that considerably affected the spatial variations of spikelet temperature within a panicle. Chemical analysis of sucrose and starch in grains and bracts indicated that the superior spikelet is more physiologically active at photosynthetic assimilation and starch biosynthesis. Interestingly, sugar in bracts exhibited a pattern of diurnal changes similar to the source leaf but different from the sink grain, confirming that bracts are source organs for grain filling. Our findings yield penetrating insight into the eco-physiological foundation of spikelet temperature, thus being helpful for the application of physiological approaches in crop breeding for cooler canopy.

Dissection of environmental and physiological effects on the temperature difference between superior and inferior spikelets within a rice panicle

Proteomics and phosphoproteomics are robust tools to analyze dynamics of post‐transcriptional processes during growth and development. A variety of experimental methods and workflows have been published, but most of them were developed for model plants and have not been adapted to high‐throughput platforms. Here, we describe an experimental workflow for proteome and phosphoproteome studies tailored to cereal crop tissues. The workflow consists of two parallel parts that are suitable for analyzing protein/phosphoprotein from total proteins and the microsomal membrane fraction. We present phosphoproteomic data regarding quantification coverage and analytical reproducibility for example preparations from maize root and shoot, wheat leaf, and a microsomal protein preparation from maize leaf. To enable users to adjust for tissue specific requirements, we provide two different methods of protein clean‐up: traditional ethanol precipitation (PC) and a recently developed technology termed single‐pot, solid‐phase‐enhanced sample preparation (SP3). Both the PC and SP3 methods are effective in the removal of unwanted substances in total protein crude extracts. In addition, two different methods of phosphopeptide enrichment are presented: a TiO2‐based method and Fe(III)‐NTA cartridges on a robotized platform. Although the overall number of phosphopeptides is stable across protein clean‐up and phosphopeptide enrichment methods, there are differences in the preferred phosphopeptides in each enrichment method. The preferred protocol depends on laboratory capabilities and research objective. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Mingjie He

Papers

Embryo-Endosperm Interaction and Its Agronomic Relevance to Rice Quality.

Dissection of environmental and physiological effects on the temperature difference between superior and inferior spikelets within a rice panicle

A Rapid and Universal Workflow for Label‐Free‐Quantitation‐Based Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Studies in Cereals

Beneficial effects of triadimefon in overcoming drought stress in soybean at fluorescence stage.