Consideration of the different roles of pore air pressure, pore water pressure within bulk water and pore water pressure within meniscus water suggests that the degree of saturation will have a significant influence on the stress–strain behaviour of an unsaturated soil, in addition to any influence of suction. This suggestion is supported by experimental evidence. In the light of this, a new elasto-plastic framework for unsaturated soils is proposed, involving coupling of hydraulic hysteresis and mechanical behaviour. Within the proposed framework, plastic changes of degree of saturation influence the stress–strain behaviour, and plastic volumetric strains influence the water retention behaviour. A specific constitutive model for isotropic stress states is proposed, and model predictions are compared with experimental results, in order to demonstrate some of the capabilities of the new framework. Forms of behaviour that can be represented include proper transitions between saturated and unsaturated types ...

Coupling of hydraulic hysteresis and stress–strain behaviour in unsaturated soils

The paper presents an elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soils that takes explicitly into account the mechanisms with which suction affects mechanical behaviour as well as their dependence on degree of saturation. The proposed model is formulated in terms of two constitutive variables directly related to these suction mechanisms: the average skeleton stress, which includes the average fluid pressure acting on the soil pores, and an additional scalar constitutive variable, ξ, related to the magnitude of the bonding effect exerted by meniscus water at the inter-particle contacts. The formulation of the model in terms of variables closely related to specific behaviour mechanisms leads to a remarkable unification of experimental results of tests carried out with different suctions. The analysis of experimental isotropic compression data strongly suggests that the quotient between the void ratio, e, of an unsaturated soil and the void ratio es, corresponding to the saturated state at the same average soil sk...

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An elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soil incorporating the effects of suction and degree of saturation on mechanical behaviour

Long-term settlement behaviour of metro tunnels in the soft deposits of Shanghai

An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays is presented. Experimental data from multistage drained triaxial stress path tests on Otaniemi clay from Finland provide support for the proposed shape of the yield curve and for the proposed relationship describing the change of yield curve inclination with plastic straining. Procedures are proposed for determining the initial inclination of the yield curve and the values of the two additional soil constants within the model. Comparisons of model simulations with experimental data demonstrate significant improvements in the performance of the new model over the Modified Cam Clay model. The remaining discrepancies are mainly attributable to the important role of destructuration in the sensitive Otaniemi clay

An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays

The range of problems that geotechnical engineers must face is increasing in complexity and scope. Often, complexity arises from the interaction between the soil and the environment – the topic of this lecture. To deal with this type of problem, the classical soil mechanics formulation is progressively generalised in order to incorporate the effects of new phenomena and new variables on soil behaviour. Recent advances in unsaturated soil mechanics are presented first: it is shown that they provide a consistent framework for understanding the engineering behaviour of unsaturated soils, and the effects of suction and moisture changes. Building on those developments, soil behaviour is further explored by considering thermal effects for two opposite cases: high temperatures, associated with the problem of storage and disposal of high-level radioactive waste; and low temperatures in problems of freezing ground. Finally, the lecture examines some issues related to chemical effects on soils and rocks, focusing i...

Soil–environment interactions in geotechnical engineering

An improved relationship for the variation of degree of saturation in an unsaturated soil is presented, incorporating the influence of changes of void ratio. When combined with an elasto-plastic stress-strain model, this is able to represent irreversible changes of degree of saturation and changes of degree of saturation caused by shearing. Experimental data from tests on compacted Speswhite kaolin are used to demonstrate the success of the proposed new expression for degree of saturation. The experimental data involve a wide variety of stress paths, including wetting, isotropic loading and unloading under constant suction, constant suction shearing, and constant water content shearing. Improved representation of the variation of degree of saturation has important consequences for numerical modelling of coupled flow-deformation problems, where the expression used for the degree of saturation can influence significantly the suction generated within the soil and hence the predicted stress-strain behaviour.

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Modelling the variation of degree of saturation in a deformable unsaturated soil

The paper focuses on investigating the destructuration process during time-dependent stress-strain evolution. For this purpose, various oedometer tests and triaxial tests on intact and reconstituted samples of soft sensitive Vanttila clay were carried out. Based on experimental observations, a new elastic viscoplastic model, extended from the overstress theory of Perzyna, is developed. The proposed model accounts for inherent and induced anisotropy, interparticle bonds and bond degradation, and viscosity. The determination of model parameters is discussed, demonstrating how all model parameters can be determined in a straightforward way and no additional test is needed for the proposed model compared to the modified Cam clay model. The model is implemented into a finite-element code, which enables coupled consolidation analyses. The model is used to simulate various strain-rate and creep tests under one-dimensional and triaxial conditions on the intact samples of Vanttila clay. The comparisons between experimental results and simulations show that the model has good predictive ability on the time-dependent behavior of a soft sensitive clay.

Modeling time-dependent behavior of soft sensitive clay

An anisotropic elastic-viscoplastic model for soft clays

In this paper a new anisotropic model for time-dependent behaviour of soft soils is presented. The formulation is based on a previously developed isotropic creep model, assuming rotated Modified Cam Clay ellipses as contours of volumetric creep strain rates. A rotational hardening law is adopted to account for changes in anisotropy due to viscous strains. Although this will introduce some new soil parameters, they do not need calibration as they can be expressed as functions of basic soil parameters through simple analytical expressions. To start with, the one-dimensional response of the model is discussed, making it possible to explore how the model is capable of capturing key features of viscous soft soil behaviour. Subsequently, the three-dimensional generalisation of the model is presented, followed by comparison with experimental data, showing good agreement in both triaxial undrained compression and extension. In the authors' opinion, the simple formulation of the model makes it attractive for use in engineering practice.

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Minna Karstunen

Papers

An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays

Modelling the variation of degree of saturation in a deformable unsaturated soil

Modeling time-dependent behavior of soft sensitive clay

An anisotropic elastic-viscoplastic model for soft clays

Anisotropic creep model for soft soils