Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus

Recent research in the field of phosphor and scintillator materials and related detectors is reviewed. After a historical introduction the fundamental issues are explained regarding the interaction of x-ray radiation with a solid state. Crucial parameters and characteristics important for the performance of these materials in applications, including the employed measurement methods, are described. Extended description of the materials currently in use or under intense study is given. Scintillation detector configurations are further briefly overviewed and selected applications are mentioned in more detail to provide an illustration.

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Scintillation detectors for x-rays

A review of medical diagnostic imaging methods utilizing x-rays or gamma rays and the application and development of inorganic scintillators is presented.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/47/8/201/pdf

Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging.

A medical sensor may be adapted to account for factors that cause irregularities in pulse oximetry measurements or other spectrophotemetric measurements. Sensors are provided with surface features that reduce the amount of outside light or shunted light that impinge the detecting elements of the sensor. The sensor is adapted to reduce the effect of outside light or shunted light on pulse oximetry measurements.

Medical sensor and technique for using the same

A surgical navigation system has a computer with a memory and display connected to a surgical instrument or pointer and position tracking system, so that the location and orientation of the pointer are tracked in real time and conveyed to the computer. The computer memory is loaded with data from an MRI, CT, or other volumetric scan of a patient, and this data is utilized to dynamically display 3-dimensional perspective images in real time of the patient's anatomy from the viewpoint of the pointer. The images are segmented and displayed in color to highlight selected anatomical features and to allow the viewer to see beyond obscuring surfaces and structures. The displayed image tracks the movement of the instrument during surgical procedures. The instrument may include an imaging device such as an endoscope or ultrasound transducer, and the system displays also the image for this device from the same viewpoint, and enables the two images to be fused so that a combined image is displayed. The system is adapted for easy and convenient operating room use during surgical procedures.

Method and apparatus for volumetric image navigation

Preparation d'un scintillateur de type Gd 2 D 2 S:Pr, Ce, X (avec X=F, Cl), utilise comme detecteur pour tomographie RX digitale. Le dopage du scintillateur par des ions halogene provoque un accroissement du pouvoir emissif de l'ordre de 30% tandis qu'un dopage avec du Ce reduit la phosphorescence du systeme. Une pression isostatique exerce sur ce materiau a l'etat de poudre, donne un scintillateur ceramique translucide

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2097566/pdf

A Scintillator Gd2 O 2 S : Pr , Ce , F for X‐Ray Computed Tomography

In a radiation detector, scintillation material flouoresces and the produced light is converted to electrical energy in an adjacent converter, separators are provided in spaces between the adjacent scintillators and converters. The separators may have a greater length than the adjacent scintillators, so that they will extend beyond to reduce cross-talk. The separators can extend toward the source of radiation for a height substantially greater than, and particularly five times, the height of the spaces between the adjacent scintillators to prevent X-ray scattering and function as a collimator. Optically opaque adhesive may be provided on the opposite ends of separators and pairs of scintillators and collimators, to prevent cross-talk.

Multi-element radiation detector

In order to make it possible to measure the light absorption coefficient of various sorts of substances contained in a light scattering material with a high precision, the wavelength of light transmitted through the light scattering material is varied and the coefficient of light absorption is calculated, starting from a ratio of variations in the intensity of the transmitted light to variations in the wavelength.

Method and equipment for measuring absorptance of light scattering materials using plural wavelengths of light

X-ray ct apparatus

The quality of CT images depends on the characteristics of the X-ray detector. In place of conventional xenon ionization detectors, we have designed a highly efficient solid state detector with low detector noise by using a Gd2O2S ceramic scintillator.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.27.L1572/pdf

Minoru Yoshida

Papers

A Scintillator Gd2 O 2 S : Pr , Ce , F for X‐Ray Computed Tomography

Multi-element radiation detector

Method and equipment for measuring absorptance of light scattering materials using plural wavelengths of light

X-ray ct apparatus

Application of Gd2O2S ceramic scintillator for X-ray solid state detector in X-ray CT