New developments in solid state fermentation: I-bioprocesses and products.

There is a great worldwide demand for citric acid consumption due to its low toxicity when compared with other acidulants used mainly in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Other applications of citric acid can be found in detergents and cleaning products, cosmetics and toiletries, and other. Global production has now reached 1.4 million tonnes and there is annual growth of 3.5–4.0 % in demand/consumption of citric acid. As a result of the adverse market conditions, only big producers have survived. Any increase in citric acid productivity would be of potential interest and hence there is an obvious need to consider all possible ways in which this might be achieved. The production by submerged fermentation is still dominating. However, solid-state processes can create new possibilities for producers. Many by-products and residues of the agro-industry can be used in the production of citric acid. A cost reduction in citric acid production can be achieved by using less expensive substrates. The use of agro-industrial residues as support in solid-state fermentation is economically important and minimizes environmental problems. Other perspectives for citric acid production sector are the improvement of citric acid producing strains, which have been carried out by mutagenesis and selection.

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New perspectives for citric acid production and application

Rock phosphate (RP) is an important natural material traditionally used for the production of phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Compared with chemical treatment, microbial solubilization of RP is an alternative environmentally mild approach. An overview of biotechnological techniques, mainly based on solubilization processes involving agro-industrial residues, is presented. Potential advantages of composting, solid-state fermentation, and liquid submerged fermentation employing free and immobilized microorganisms that produce organic acids and simultaneously solubilize RP are discussed. Subsequent introduction of the final fermented products into soil-plant systems promotes plant growth and P acquisition.

Biotechnological solubilization of rock phosphate on media containing agro-industrial wastes

Solid-state fermentation for the synthesis of citric acid by Aspergillus niger

Application of statistical experimental designs for the optimization of medium constituents for the production of citric acid from pineapple waste.

Citric acid production by solid-state fermentation in a packed-bed reactor using Aspergillus niger

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9827744

The prevalence of medical adhesive-related skin injury caused by protective dressings among medical staff members during the 2019 coronavirus pandemic in China

Minyuan Lu

Papers

Citric acid production by solid-state fermentation in a packed-bed reactor using Aspergillus niger

The prevalence of medical adhesive-related skin injury caused by protective dressings among medical staff members during the 2019 coronavirus pandemic in China