The wavelet transform has emerged over recent years as a powerful time-frequency analysis and signal coding tool favoured for the interrogation of complex nonstationary signals. Its application to biosignal processing has been at the forefront of these developments where it has been found particularly useful in the study of these, often problematic, signals: none more so than the ECG. In this review, the emerging role of the wavelet transform in the interrogation of the ECG is discussed in detail, where both the continuous and the discrete transform are considered in turn.

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Wavelet transforms and the ECG: a review.

Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram

In studying the performance of coded communications over memoryless channels (with or without fading), the results are given as upper bounds on the average bit error probability (BEP). In principle, there are three different approaches to arriving at these bounds, all of which employ obtaining the so-called pairwise error probability , or the probability of choosing one symbol sequence over another for a given pair of possible transmitted symbol sequences, followed by a weighted summation over all pairwise events. In this chapter, we will focus on the results obtained from the third approach since these provide the tightest upper bounds on the true performance. The first emphasis will be placed on evaluating the pairwise error probability with and without CSI, following which we shall discuss how the results of these evaluations can be used via the transfer bound approach to evaluate average BEP of coded modulation transmitted over the fading channel.

Coded Communication over Fading Channels

https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(07)00105-1/pdf

Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part I: The Electrocardiogram and Its Technology A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology

Machine learning algorithms for wireless sensor networks: A survey

This work introduces a new topology for designing low-phase noise (PN) dual-band voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) by proposing orthogonally located inductors in 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS. The inductors are implemented using five metal layers keeping the lowest layer empty to maximize the quality (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) factor. The first inductor is two halves shunted octagonal loops using the top layer (M6) and utilized in cross-coupled VCO, while the second inductor is formed by four C-shaped shunted inductors using the lower four layers <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}_{\mathrm {5-2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and used in current-reuse (CR) VCO. The M6 inductor improves the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-factor by more than 25%over one loop inductor in the frequency band of interest, while the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}_{\mathrm {5-2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inductor uses four shunt layers to boost the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-factor by 28% in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band compared to the single-layer inductor. The VCO oscillates from 22.36 to 23.4 GHz with PN of −112.4 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and figure of merit (FoM) of −188.8 dBc/Hz, while the CR VCO has tuning range from 23.8 to 25.7 GHz with a PN of −107 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and FoM −185.8 dBc/Hz.

Dual-Band VCO Using High Quality Factor Two Orthogonally Located Inductors in 0.18-μm CMOS Technology

The power reflection coefficient (reflectance) of linear, periodically homogenous, isotropic, nonabsorbing stack filters is derived using full wave analysis. The well-known ABCD characteristic matrix is used to assess the spectral response of the stack filters. Adopting this method requires a huge number of matrix multiplications as the number of layers increases. An alternative approach of evaluating the whole matrix is suggested which is shown to save computational time. Band reject response far from ideal characteristics, due to the presence of unwanted ripples surrounding the stopband, is obtained. Equating these ripples without changing the length of the structure is undertaken by varying some design parameters related to the layers constituting the filter. Namely, the index of refraction and the physical thickness of individual layers are used as optimization variables. This process requires evaluating the derivative of the reflectance with respect to each design variable while leaving other parameters unchanged. The sensitivity of the derivatives to various design parameters is also addressed, which is sometimes required in manufacturing multilayered dielectric thin films.

Chebychev Response of Thin Film Optical Filters

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) integrate sensor technology, microelectromechanical systems, and wireless network technologies. Saving energy and ensuring network connectivity are the most important challenges to extend the lifetime of WSNs, and optimal coverage and routing are the keys to it. The deployment strategy of sensor nodes is the most important factor for ensuring network coverage. In this chapter, two centralized energy-efficient deployment algorithms are proposed depending on one of the inspired computing algorithms called multi-objective immune algorithm (MOIA) to optimize the trade-off between the network coverage and the energy cost. The first deployment algorithm is called an immune-based node deployment algorithm (INDA). The INDA considers the dissipated energy in the mobility besides the network coverage during the relocation operation with considering the effect of the obstacles and field’s boundaries, while the second deployment algorithm is called a centralized Voronoi-based immune deployment algorithm (CVIDA) that mixes the MOIA and the Voronoi diagram. The CVIDA considers the dissipated energy in the mobility, the sensing, and the redundant coverage in its objective function besides the network coverage. CVIDA finds the locations of the sensor nodes and the optimal working nodes based on reducing the mobility cost, adjusting the sensing range, and controlling the communication radio of each node. Many experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed algorithms compared to the state of the art.

Efficient Node Deployment Based on Immune-Inspired Computing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wideband spectrum sensing is a challenging task in wideband cognitive radio networks. It needs to be efficient, robust and fast. However, there are many challenges facing sensing in wideband spectrum. One of these challenges is Nyquist sampling rate bottleneck which required high speed DSP and large storage spaces. Compressive sensing is a pioneer solution for wideband spectrum sensing which have proved sampling below Nyquist criterion. In this paper, we provide mathematical expression that computes the number of measurements required for compressed detection exploiting DCT as sensing matrix. The simulation results show that the accuracy of detection for certain number measurements is similar to the results obtained by compressed measurements based spectrum sensing for wideband cognitive radio systems with small relative error. The comparison is based on term of probability of detection versus compression ratios.

Detection of primary user signal in wideband cognitive radio networks exploiting DCT as sensing matrix

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless cellular networks aim to increase the users capacities and quality of experience as well as integrating different wireless bands and modes of access. The introduction of cognitive radio technology and heterogeneous networks (HetNets) as part of the architecture of the 5G aims to efficiently reuse the available spectrum. This paper presents a two-stage framework based on matching theory and auction games with the objective of efficiently admitting secondary users in the wireless scene. At the first stage, a fast convergence matching game for the users admission problem in 5G HetNets is considered, where secondary users are associated to appropriate secondary base stations. These base stations access the available primary spectrum on behalf of its associated users in the next stage, namely a repeated modified English auction. Results show the existence of a stable matching point for the users admission game and a Walrasian equilibrium point for the repeated auctions. In addition, extensive simulations are performed to compare the proposed repeated auction against the single auction and the matching theory. It is proven that the repeated auction game outperforms the single auction game and matching game in terms of the occupancy of primary channels and the satisfaction of the secondary users.

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3180982

Mohammed Abo-Zahhad

Papers

Dual-Band VCO Using High Quality Factor Two Orthogonally Located Inductors in 0.18-μm CMOS Technology

Chebychev Response of Thin Film Optical Filters

Efficient Node Deployment Based on Immune-Inspired Computing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Detection of primary user signal in wideband cognitive radio networks exploiting DCT as sensing matrix

A Two-Stage Matching Game and Repeated Auctions for Users Admission and Channels Allocation in 5G HetNets