Autonomous driving systems have attracted a significant amount of interest recently, and many industry leaders, such as Google, Uber, Tesla, and Mobileye, have invested a large amount of capital and engineering power on developing such systems. Building autonomous driving systems is particularly challenging due to stringent performance requirements in terms of both making the safe operational decisions and finishing processing at real-time. Despite the recent advancements in technology, such systems are still largely under experimentation and architecting end-to-end autonomous driving systems remains an open research question. To investigate this question, we first present and formalize the design constraints for building an autonomous driving system in terms of performance, predictability, storage, thermal and power. We then build an end-to-end autonomous driving system using state-of-the-art award-winning algorithms to understand the design trade-offs for building such systems. In our real-system characterization, we identify three computational bottlenecks, which conventional multicore CPUs are incapable of processing under the identified design constraints. To meet these constraints, we accelerate these algorithms using three accelerator platforms including GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs, which can reduce the tail latency of the system by 169x, 10x, and 93x respectively. With accelerator-based designs, we are able to build an end-to-end autonomous driving system that meets all the design constraints, and explore the trade-offs among performance, power and the higher accuracy enabled by higher resolution cameras.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3173162.3173191

The Architectural Implications of Autonomous Driving: Constraints and Acceleration

In the present paper, an attempt has been made to review the performance of new refrigerant mixtures employed in vapour compression-based refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump units. The studies reported with refrigerant mixtures are categorized into six groups as follows: (i) hydrocarbon (HC), (ii) hydroflurocarbons (HFC), (iii) HFC/HC, (iv) hydrochloroflurocarbons (HCFC), (v) carbon dioxide (R744) and (vi) ammonia (R717). This paper explores the studies reported with new refrigerant mixtures in domestic refrigerators, commercial refrigeration systems, air conditioners, heat pumps, chillers and in automobile air conditioners. In addition, the technical difficulties faced with new refrigerant mixtures, further research needs in this field and future refrigerant options for new upcoming systems have been discussed in detail. This paper concludes that HC based refrigerant mixtures are identified as a long-term alternative to phase out the existing halogenated refrigerants in the vapour compression-based systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A review on recent developments in new refrigerant mixtures for vapour compression-based refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump units

Performance evaluation of an integrated automotive air conditioning and heat pump system

Due to the environmental damage caused by HFC refrigerants, there is an increasing universal interest to research environmentally friendly fluids in refrigerants and alternative approaches to the traditional DX refrigeration system. These refrigerants include ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, R152a and HFO1234yf. Major drawbacks of these refrigerants are their potential flammability and safety hazards. One way to overcome this issue is to use the new refrigerants in conjunction with a secondary loop refrigeration system. Additional benefits of the secondary loop refrigeration system are refrigerant charges, leakage reduction, potential maintenance simplification, and low operating cost. This article presents a comprehensive review of the secondary loop refrigeration systems. Furthermore, this review covers the performance and risk assessment of flammable refrigerants, secondary refrigerants and components of the secondary loop refrigeration system within the following applications: commercial refrigeration, residential air conditioning/heat pumping, and mobile air conditioning.

Review of secondary loop refrigeration systems

Artificial neural network analysis of an automobile air conditioning system

Experimental and computer performance study of an automotive air conditioning system with alternative refrigerants

Background: Nursing care for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization requires an expert nurse who understands the types of complications that can occur, as well as the assessment skills to spot them. The combination of nursing knowledge and skills during the period before and after cardiac catheterization aims to assure safe and accurate procedure, and improving physical and mental health. 
Aim of the study: To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing intervention on the physiological status for patients undergoing coronary catheterization through utilization of physiological parameters check list such as (systolic/diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and O2 saturation). 
Methodology: randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted for patients’ undergoing coronary catheterization at Al Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Cardiac Catheterization, the study has been carried out during the period 14 \ June \ 2019 to 29 \ January \ 2020. The sample consisted of (100) patients have been randomly divided into two groups of 50 patients each. The experimental group consisted of 50 patients who are exposing to nursing interventions by the researcher. The groups who have not to expose to nursing interventions by the researcher, are considering the control group. The instrument construction and consisted of three parts, (part I): the socio-demographic characteristics and comprised of (8) items, (part II): the clinical characteristics, (part III): physiological parameters checklist for patients undergoing coronary catheterization (physiological parameters: a bedside monitor is used to measure (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and O2 saturation) for each patient. 
Results: The result of present study demonstrated that the number of abnormal cases less in experimental group than control group related to the heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure in the period of measurements. 
Conclusions: The study stated that the patients in experimental group who receiving the nursing intervention had decrease in the (heart rate, and blood pressure) compared to the control group 
Recommendations: standardized nursing procedures should be used to guide the nurses in dealing with patients with coronary catheterization, and the standards bill of for such practices should be created and presented to all ties in which such practices are performed. 


Mohammed K. Aljanabi

Papers

Experimental and computer performance study of an automotive air conditioning system with alternative refrigerants

Effectiveness of Nursing Intervention on Physiological Status for Patients Undergoing Coronary Catheterization