Mohammed N. Islam

Abstract: Raman amplifiers are being deployed in almost every new long-haul and ultralong-haul fiber-optic transmission systems, making them one of the first widely commercialized nonlinear optical devices in telecommunications. This paper reviews some of the technical reasons behind the wide-spread acceptance of Raman technology. Distributed Raman amplifiers improve the noise figure and reduce the nonlinear penalty of fiber systems, allowing for longer amplifier spans, higher bit rates, closer channel spacing, and operation near the zero-dispersion wavelength. Lumped or discrete Raman amplifiers are primarily used to increase the capacity of fiber-optic networks, opening up new wavelength windows for wavelength-division multiplexing such as the 1300 nm, 1400 nm, or short-wavelength S-band. As an example, using a cascade of S-band lumped amplifiers, a 20-channel, OC-192 system is shown that propagates over 867 km of standard, single-mode fiber. Raman amplifiers provide a simple single platform for long-haul and ultralong-haul amplifier needs and, therefore, should see a wide range of deployment in the next few years.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study soliton propagation in an all-optical, long-distance communications system where fiber loss is periodically compensated by Raman gain and find that distortion of the transmitted pulses from true solitons shows a peak near z 0 = L/8 where L and z 0 are the amplification and soliton periods, respectively.

TL;DR: In this article, three combustion methods and two grinding methods were used to investigate physical characteristics and chemical aspects of rice husk ash (RHA) produced using a rudimentary furnace of the National University of Malaysia (UKM).

TL;DR: A mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) is generated in ZBLAN fluoride fibers from amplified nanosecond laser diode pulses with a continuous spectrum from approximately 0.8 microm to beyond 4.5 microm.

TL;DR: It is shown experimentally the trapping of orthogonally polarized solitons in birefringent optical fibers with polarization dispersions as high as 90 psec/km.