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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Are Power Line Communications (PLC) a good candidate for Smart Grid applications? The objective of this paper is to address this important question. To do so, we provide an overview of what PLC can deliver today by surveying its history and describing the most recent technological advances in the area. We then address Smart Grid applications as instances of sensor networking and network control problems and discuss the main conclusions one can draw from the literature on these subjects. The application scenario of PLC within the Smart Grid is then analyzed in detail. Because a necessary ingredient of network planning is modeling, we also discuss two aspects of engineering modeling that relate to our question. The first aspect is modeling the PLC channel through fading models. The second aspect we review is the Smart Grid control and traffic modeling problem which allows us to achieve a better understanding of the communications requirements. Finally, this paper reports recent studies on the electrical and topological properties of a sample power distribution network. Power grid topological studies are very important for PLC networking as the power grid is not only the information source but also the information delivery system-a unique feature when PLC is used for the Smart Grid.

/pdf/for-the-grid-and-through-the-grid-the-role-of-power-line-u1a0j36lkc.pdf

For the Grid and Through the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in the Smart Grid

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

Pattern recognition

The widespread popularity of smart meters enables an immense amount of fine-grained electricity consumption data to be collected. Meanwhile, the deregulation of the power industry, particularly on the delivery side, has continuously been moving forward worldwide. How to employ massive smart meter data to promote and enhance the efficiency and sustainability of the power grid is a pressing issue. To date, substantial works have been conducted on smart meter data analytics. To provide a comprehensive overview of the current research and to identify challenges for future research, this paper conducts an application-oriented review of smart meter data analytics. Following the three stages of analytics, namely, descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics, we identify the key application areas as load analysis, load forecasting, and load management. We also review the techniques and methodologies adopted or developed to address each application. In addition, we also discuss some research trends, such as big data issues, novel machine learning technologies, new business models, the transition of energy systems, and data privacy and security.

Review of Smart Meter Data Analytics: Applications, Methodologies, and Challenges

This contribution outlines a statistical characterization of Brazilian in-home and low-voltage electric energy distribution networks as a data communication medium. The discussions are based on estimated channels obtained in a measurement campaign carried out in several apartments whose size ranges from 50 up to 90 square meters. The parameters considered for this analysis is the root-mean square delay spread (RMS-DS), the average channel gain, and the channel capacity. For the sake of comparison with electric networks in US, the frequency band ranging from 1.705 up to 30 MHz was set. The reported analysis shows that the RMS-DS can be modeled as a log-normal variable in only 33.33% of the cases and the average channel gain does not follow a log-normal distribution, the average channel gain is lower in Brazil than in US and the inter-symbol interference is quite similar in both US and Brazil.

Statistical analysis of Brazilian in-home PLC channels: First results

In this paper, we consider a cyclic prefixed single-carrier communication scheme with frequency domain equalization (CP-SC) and low-density parity check code (LDPC) over power line communication (PLC) channel. The aim is to evaluate the error performance when the PLC channel is corrupted by impulsive noise. The simulation results show that the best performance is obtained when the LDPC code is considered in association with the frequency domain equalizer based on the MMSE criterion. Additionaly, comparative results between the CP-SC and SC-DFE are presented. The results indicate that CP-SC with FDE-MMSE offer better performance than SC-DFE. Moreover, we present a simulation result that indicates that if the channel decoder has correct information about the impulsive noise variance, then error performance improvements can be obtained.

Coded CP-SC communication scheme for outdoor power line communications

An enhanced cooperative MAC protocol for hybrid PLC/wireless systems

This paper presents the DFE-Fuzzy-LMS and DFE-Fuzzy-RLS algorithms for equalization of power line channels (PLC) and for the improvement on the data transmission rates. Both proposals are DFE (decision feedback equalizer) versions of the adaptative singleton type 1 fuzzy algorithms initially proposed by J.M. Mendel. One of the most important characteristics of the proposals are their inherent capability to equalizer minimum, non-minimum and maximum phase channels and deal with higher power impulsive noises. The impulsive noise is one of the major problems concerning PLC channels. The Fuzzy-DFE-LMS technique applied to minimize both influences of the intersymbol interferences and impulsive noises shows better results than the traditional adaptive and previous fuzzy equalizers when the OFDM is employed as a multicarrier transmission technique.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8950/28352/01267959.pdf

On fuzzy-DFE-LMS and fuzzy-DFE-RLS algorithms to equalize power line channels

Aiming at to verify if the specifications of pre- established service quality parameters of commercial BPL technology agree with practical results this contribution presents and discusses some measurement carried out from medium- and low- voltages networks when commercial BPL are used to data transmission. In data transmissions using PLC (powerline communications) technology, network performance is influenced by interference generated by other equipment attached to the network, mostly equipment with electric motors, power converters, and reactors. Voltage drops in high frequency electric circuits, as a result of the use of metallic conductors and their characteristics, is another factor that causes attenuation in the signal modulated by PLC systems. These interference and attenuation directly dictate the signal/noise ratio, which is one of the factors that affect channel capacity. Another factor that affects the performance is the channel bandwidth; consequently, the channel's capacity is dependent on the bandwidth. In this contribution, the bandwidth considered is the one from the commercial BPL technology that is around 28 MHz. Measurements obtained from the trials conducted at CELG, an utility company that operates in the Midwest region of Brazil, on low- and medium-voltage networks are used for comparison. Results have shown that in outdoor and indoor environments, the network throughput was about 3 Mbps, which did not coincide with the commercial BPL specifications.

Moises V. Ribeiro

Papers

Statistical analysis of Brazilian in-home PLC channels: First results

Coded CP-SC communication scheme for outdoor power line communications

An enhanced cooperative MAC protocol for hybrid PLC/wireless systems

On fuzzy-DFE-LMS and fuzzy-DFE-RLS algorithms to equalize power line channels

Modeling and performance analysis of PLC channels with external interference in outdoor and indoor environments