2005년 대한 생화학·분자생물학회 하계학술대회를 다녀와서

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Sliding Friction-Physical Principles and Applications

Growing requirements of freshwater and unsustainable nature of fossil fuels are driving the interest in using renewable energy for desalination applications. Due to their less energy-intensive nature and small footprint, membrane-based desalination operations are gaining significant interest in this regard. Substantial efforts have been observed in integrating traditional renewable and relatively green sources of energy (wind, solar, geothermal, tidal and nuclear) with membrane-based desalination operations, mainly reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED). Due to recent developments and progresses in membrane technology, interesting membrane operations including membrane distillation (MD), pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) have emerged. These operations are capable of generating clean and sustainable electricity from various waste streams including brine and impaired water which otherwise are considered environmental liabilities. PRO and RED require mixing of a high salinity solution (such as seawater or brine and wastewater, respectively) with a low salinity solution to generate electricity. MD has shown the potential to generate freshwater and electricity as standalone process. Integration of MD with PRO or RED enhances the performance of these processes and provides a clean and sustainable route to produce freshwater and energy. The current study reviews the recent progresses and developments in applying renewable energy sources in membrane-based desalination with special attention on emerging membrane operations with proven capability to generate energy from wastewater streams.

Membrane technology in renewable-energy-driven desalination

With the increasing power density of electronic chips, large radar, laser diode array and other equipments, the conventional heat dissipation methods are difficult to achieve the desired thermal control requirements increasingly. Spray cooling has attracted widespread attention due to its advantages in high heat flux removal such as less flow rate demand, high heat dissipation capacity, low superheat degree, no temperature overshoot and no contact thermal resistance with the heating surface. As of today, lots of researchers engage in this field and numerous achievements of spray cooling are obtained theoretically and experimentally. In this paper, an overview with spray cooling was completed. The current research progresses of heat transfer mechanisms of spray cooling in the three stages (single-phase regime, two-phase regime and critical heat flux regime) were summarized, and the influence factors, spray characteristics, heating surface characteristics, fluid characteristics and external environment characteristics, were analyzed in detail. The flash evaporation cooling, a special form of spray cooling, was also explored by a number of studies due to its irreplaceable advantage in low pressure environment or in space. Film flash evaporation and droplet flash evaporation significantly improve the cooling capacity of system and utilization of working fluid. In fact, the application of flash evaporation cooling is profound for development and expansion of spray cooling. Additionally, spray cooling system and nozzle were also elaborated in the paper.

Spray cooling and flash evaporation cooling: The current development and application

In recent years, several emerging technologies in the domain of solid-state physics have been investigated as serious alternatives for future refrigeration, heat pumping, air conditioning, or even power generation applications. These technologies relate to what is called caloric energy conversion, i.e., barocalorics, electrocalorics, magnetocalorics, and elastocalorics. Of these technologies, the greatest progress has been observed in the domain of magnetic refrigeration. However, in the recent few years, significant research efforts have also been made in the field of electrocaloric and elastocaloric refrigeration. Many of these technologies suggest the possibility for improvements in energy efficiency, compactness, noise level, as well as a reduction in environmental impacts, so it seems very probable that they will start to fill particular market niches as a replacement for vapor-compression technology in the future.

Monica Siroux

Papers

Experimental study of flash evaporation of a water film

Flash evaporation from a water pool: Influence of the liquid height and of the depressurization rate

Measurements of brake disc surface temperature and emissivity by two-color pyrometry

Thermal levels and subsurface damage induced by the occurrence of hot spots during high-energy braking

Influence of coating soil types on the energy of earth-air heat exchanger