Annual Energy Outlook 2008 With Projections to 2030

Among the various properties exhibited by ionic liquids (ILs)—especially those based on the imidazolium cation—their inherent ionic patterns, very low vapour pressure and pronounced self-organization in the solid, liquid and even in the gas phase are particularly interesting since this allows the use of these fluids as alternative and complementary media to classical organic solvents and water in many applications. Hence, reaction paths that involve charge-separated intermediates or transition states are accelerated—by lowering the activation barrier—in the presence of ILs when compared with those performed in classical organic solvents. It is also possible, for example, to observe, by electrochemical methods, transient species (ionic and radical) that are otherwise undetectible in water or in molecular organic solvents and to investigate the interactions and behaviour of molecular, biological and macromolecular species in solution using physical and chemical methods which require special conditions such as high-vacuum, and which have been traditionally limited to solid state chemistry.

Physico-chemical processes in imidazolium ionic liquids.

http://alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/Seminar/06-09%20WQE/PChem%20I.%20Qu.pdf

Recent developments in thermodynamics and thermophysics of non-aqueous mixtures containing ionic liquids. A review

Preface.List of Contributors.1 Introductory Remarks (Jurn W.P. Schmelzer).References.2 Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Vapor Phase Transitions: Similarities and Differences (Vladimir P. Skripov and Mars Z. Faizullin).2.1 Introduction.2.2 Behavior of the Internal Pressure.2.3 The Boundaries of Stability of a Liquid.2.4 The Surface Energy of the Interfacial Boundary.2.5 Viscosity of a Liquid along the Curves of Equilibrium with Crystalline and Vapor Phases.2.6 Conclusions.References.3 A New Method of Determination of the Coefficients of Emission in Nucleation Theory (Vitali V. Slezov, Jurn W. P. Schmelzer, and Alexander S. Abyzov).3.1 Introduction.3.2 Basic Kinetic Equations.3.3 Ratio of the Coefficients of Absorption and Emission of Particles.3.4 Generalization to Multicomponent Systems.3.5 Generalization to Arbitrary Boundary Conditions.3.6 Initial Conditions for the Cluster Size Distribution Function.3.7 Description of Cluster Ensemble Evolution Along a Given Trajectory.3.8 Conclusions.References.4 Nucleation and Crystallization Kinetics in Silicate Glasses: Theory and Experiment (Vladimir M. Fokin, Nikolay S. Yuritsyn, and Edgar D. Zanotto).4.1 Introduction.4.2 Basic Assumptions and Equations of Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT).4.3 Experimental Methods to Estimate Nucleation Rates.4.4 Interpretation of Experimental Results by Classical Nucleation Theory.4.5 Nucleation Rate Data and CNT: Some Serious Problems.4.6 Crystal Nucleation on Glass Surfaces.4.7 Concluding Remarks.References.5 Boiling-Up Kinetics of Solutions of Cryogenic Liquids (Vladimir G. Baidakov).5.1 Introduction.5.2 Nucleation Kinetics.5.3 Nucleation Thermodynamics.5.4 Experiment.5.5 Comparison between Theory and Experiment.5.6 Conclusions.References.6 Correlated Nucleation and Self-Organized Kinetics of Ferroelectric Domains (Vladimir Ya. Shur).6.1 Introduction.6.2 Domain Structure Evolution during Polarization Reversal.6.3 General Considerations.6.4 Materials and Experimental Conditions.6.5 Slow Classical Domain Growth.6.6 Growth of Isolated Domains.6.7 Loss of Domain Wall Shape Stability.6.8 Fast Domain Growth.6.9 Super fast Domain Growth.6.10 Domain Engineering.6.11 Conclusions.References.7 Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Nanofilms (Sergey A. Kukushkin and Andrey V. Osipov).7.1 Introduction.7.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorbed Layers.7.3 Growth Modes of Nanofilms.7.4 Nucleation of Relaxed Nanoislands on a Substrate.7.5 Formation and Growth of Space-Separated Nanoislands.7.6 Kinetics of Nanofilm Condensation.7.7 Coarsening of Nanofilms.7.8 Nucleation and Growth of GaN Nanofilms.7.9 Nucleation of Coherent Nanoislands.7.10 Conclusions.References.8 Diamonds by Transport Reactions with Vitreous Carbon and from the Plasma Torch: New and Old Methods of Metastable Diamond Synthesis and Growth (Ivan Gutzow, Snejana Todorova, Lyubomir Kostadinov, Emil Stoyanov, Victoria Guencheva, Gunther Volksch, Helga Dunken, and Christian Russel).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Some History.8.3 Basic Theoretical and Empirical Considerations.8.4 Experimental Part.8.5 Conclusions.References.9 Nucleation in Micellization Processes (Alexander K. Shchekin, Fedor M. Kuni, Alexander P. Grinin, and Anatoly I. Rusanov).9.1 Introduction.9.2 General Aspects of Micellization: the Law of Mass Action and the Work of Aggregation.9.3 General Kinetic Equation of Molecular Aggregation: Irreversible Behavior in Micellar Solutions.9.4 Thermodynamic Characteristics of Micellization Kinetics in the Near-Critical and Micellar Regions of Aggregate Sizes.9.5 Kinetic Equation of Aggregation in the Near-Critical and Micellar Regions of Aggregate Sizes.9.6 Direct and Reverse Fluxes of Molecular Aggregates over the Activation Barrier of Micellization.9.7 Times of Establishment of Quasiequilibrium Concentrations.9.8 Time of Fast Relaxation in Surfactant Solutions.9.9 Time of Slow Relaxationin Surfactant Solutions.9.10 Time of Approach of the Final Micellization Stage.9.11 The Hierarchy of Micellization Times.9.12 Chemical Potential of a Surfactant Monomer in a Micelle and the Aggregation Work in the Droplet Model of Spherical Micelles.9.13 Critical Micelle Concentration and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Micellization.References.10 Nucleation in a Concentration Gradient (Andriy M. Gusak).10.1 Introduction.10.2 Phase Competition under Unlimited Nucleation.10.3 Thermodynamics of Nucleation in Concentration Gradients: Case of Full Metastable Solubility.10.4 Thermodynamics of Nucleation at the Interface: The Case of Limited Metastable Solubility.10.5 Kinetics of Nucleation in a Concentration Gradient.References.11 Is Gibbs' Thermodynamic Theory of Heterogeneous Systems Really Perfect? (Jurn W. P. Schmelzer, Grey Sh. Boltachev, and Vladimir G. Baidakov).11.1 Introduction.11.2 Gibbs' Classical Approach.11.3 A Generalization of Gibbs' Thermodynamic Theory.11.4 Applications: Condensation and Boiling in One-Component Fluids.11.5 Discussion.11.6 Appendix.References.12 Summary and Outlook (Jurn W.P. Schmelzer).References.Index.

/pdf/nucleation-theory-and-applications-2xtintdmi1.pdf

Nucleation theory and applications

http://rozup.ir/up/paper/Documents/Modeling_ionic_liquids_and_the_solubility_of_gases_in_them_Recent_advances_and_perspectives.pdf

Modeling ionic liquids and the solubility of gases in them: Recent advances and perspectives

A procedure for the prediction of wall-bed heat transfer coefficient for bubble columns and gas-solid fluidized beds is developed on the basis of hydrodynamic behavior of these contactors. A comparison between the predicted and experimental values of heat transfer coefficient over a wide range of design and operating variables is presented. An attempt is made to analyze the occurrence of maxima in heat transfer coefficient with respect to gas velocity in the case of fluidized beds. A procedure for the calculation of the optimum superficial gas velocity is outlined.

Heat transfer in multiphase contactors

Statistical mechanics of multilayer adsorption: electrolyte and water activities in concentrated solutions

BET model for calculating activities of salts and water, molar enthalpies, molar volumes and liquid-solid phase behavior in concentrated electrolyte solutions

Moonis R. Ally

Papers

Heat transfer in multiphase contactors

Statistical mechanics of multilayer adsorption: electrolyte and water activities in concentrated solutions

BET model for calculating activities of salts and water, molar enthalpies, molar volumes and liquid-solid phase behavior in concentrated electrolyte solutions

Activities and osmotic coefficients of tropospheric aerosols: (NH4)2SO4(aq) and NaCl(aq)

Exergy analysis of a two-stage ground source heat pump with a vertical bore for residential space conditioning under simulated occupancy