Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OBSERVATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA:QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE . 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. Reading and Writing Social Research. Appendix A. Using the Library. Appendix B. Random Numbers. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Normal Curve Areas. Appendix E. Estimated Sampling Error.

社会研究方法基础 = The Basics of Social Research

Determinants of economic growth: A cross-country empirical study.

The Moral Basis of a Backward Society

Abstract : A study is reported of the variations in organizational commitment and job satisfaction, as related to subsequent turnover in a sample of recently-employed psychiatric technician trainees. A longitudinal study was made across a 10 1/2 month period, with attitude measures collected at four points in time. For this sample, job satisfaction measures appeared better able to differentiate future stayers from leavers in the earliest phase of the study. With the passage of time, organizational commitment measures proved to be a better predictor of turnover, and job satisfaction failed to predict turnover. The findings are discussed in the light of other related studies, and possible explanations are examined. (Modified author abstract)

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Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians. Technical Report No. 16.

https://edge.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/Posthuma%20Campion%20Masimova_0.pdf

A High Performance Work Practices Taxonomy Integrating the Literature and Directing Future Research

The current study while applying the theoretical framework based on expectancy theory examined the relationship between satisfaction with compensation and work motivation. The dimensions i.e. fixed pay, flexible pay, and benefits were examined with regard to satisfaction with compensation. The work motivation on the other hand was studied using the effort and performance dimensions. Literature research as well as practical survey consisting of self-administered questionnaire was used to study the population in question, which were managerial cadre employees of the sales departments of the cellular service providers in Lahore. The relationships between satisfaction with compensation and work motivation were analyzed by using Chi Square and correlations. The main findings of the study were: 1) satisfaction with compensation can be factor of work motivation. 2) flexible pay is not a motivating factor in the jobs which the employees were holding. 3) benefits do not have a significant impact on work motivation.

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A Study of Relationship between Satisfaction with Compensation and Work Motivation

Recently, nations are struggling to mitigate the impact of the unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak on their economy. Many countries have imposed traveling restrictions to reduce people’s movement in order to avoid infection transmission. Traveling restrictions have jeopardized the tourism industry around the globe. If the situation persists, it will become challenging for the nations to open tourism. For this reason, the digitalization of tourism is a viable solution for this situation. However, it is essential to map whether digital technologies can provide alternative solutions to the situation and whether digital tourism can replace conventional tourism? With that backdrop, this study has two objectives: (a) to find the future of digital tourism development beyond the COVID-19 pandemic situation, and (b) to find collaborative research work among nations to develop digital tourism after the current pandemic crisis. To achieve these objectives, we conducted a systematic literature review of past research on the development of digital tourism from 2016–2020. The study applies the PRISMA-2015 statement to select and synthesize 60 articles from Scopus and ‘Web of Science’ databases. Content analysis was performed to analyze the underlying clusters of research on digital tourism and, later, bibliometric analysis was conducted to examine collaborative research between different countries. The findings highlighted three major research clusters namely; virtual reality tourism, virtual tourism, and augmented reality. In addition, the research finding shows that virtual tourism is a practical and valuable option for mass tourism during the COVID-19 outbreak and can replace mass tourism after the pandemic. Although virtual tourism does not feel like a visit to a natural destination, it is still getting attention from tourists. Virtual spaces must develop more features and value additions to achieve tourist satisfaction in the future.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/10/5352/pdf

Post-COVID 19 Tourism: Will Digital Tourism Replace Mass Tourism?

This study explores the role of demographic factors in relationship between HPWS and job satisfaction. The data was collected from 674 academic faculties across 23 public sector universities of Pakistan. KruskalWallis Test reveals that perception of HPWS and Job satisfaction among academic faculty varies with rank, nature of job and age while gender has no significant difference in response. The results showed positive and significant correlation between HPWS and Job satisfaction .The demographic variables, rank and nature of tenure found to moderate the relationship between perception of the existence of HPWS and Job Satisfaction. While moderating effect of gender and age were not confirmed.

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The Role of Demographic Factors in the Relationship between High Performance Work System and Job Satisfaction: A Multidimensional Approach

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on employee attitudes, job satisfaction and organizational commitment as well as the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Data were collected from banking sector of Faisalabad, Pakistan. The main objective was to focus the employee’s perception about the organizational support and employees’ satisfaction and organizational commitment. The mediation effect of perception of organizational support was analyzed between the relationship of intrinsic & extrinsic rewards and employee attitudes like organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The study revealed that employees felt positively about intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Limitations and future directions had also been discussed.

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The Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards on Employee Attitudes; Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support

This paper investigates the structural change, technological innovations and performance of agriculture in Pakistan from historical perspectives. We used data spanning from1948-2008. The data shows that land reforms introduced in Pakistan have not made any significant increase in the cultivated area. Only slight change has occurred in the early seventies. However, they seem to have induced conversion of large into small farms. As such, the proportion of area under small farms has increased and the ratio of tenancy to ownership has decreased to some extent. Modern input had the increasing trend in early seventies. The use of modern varieties of rice and wheat has increased more in Punjab and Sindh than in other provinces. Similarly, the use of fertilizer and pesticides has also increased overtime. The credit extension in input subsidies has also increased in the same period. The data also show that the application of new verities of seeds (Irri rice and HYV wheat) and improvement in agricultural technology are key source of land productivity growth in Pakistan.

Muhammad Mahroof Khan

Papers

A Study of Relationship between Satisfaction with Compensation and Work Motivation

Post-COVID 19 Tourism: Will Digital Tourism Replace Mass Tourism?

The Role of Demographic Factors in the Relationship between High Performance Work System and Job Satisfaction: A Multidimensional Approach

The Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards on Employee Attitudes; Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support

Land distribution, technological changes and productivity in pakistanã¢ââs agriculture: some explanations and policy options