Rainfall forecasting model using machine learning methods: Case study Terengganu, Malaysia

Rivers, which provide 90% of the readily available freshwater, are key components of global water resource system. Terengganu River experienced deterioration in water quality, resulting from the sedimentation, anthropogenic, geomorphology problems and unsustainable development management around the river basin. This study was implemented to prove the sedimentation problem especially the formation of total suspended solid (TSS) and annual sediment load (SL). The technique of analysis of primary data obtained which determine according with the procedure TSS and SL. The results showed that the highest average of TSS (mg/L) is 67.2 (wet season) and 128.2 (dry season) which are class III. While the highest turbidity is 43.57 (wet season) and 21.57 (dry season) which are Class II based on National Water Quality Standard (NWQS). The highest annual average estimation for annual SL flow out from the Terengganu River Basin is 6,846.709 tonnes/km2/year (Manir River Basin) the lowest in the Pauh River Basin is 2.850 tonnes/km2/year. The statistical analysis proved the weak regression relationship between TSS, river discharges (Q), SL and area of catchment caused by the anthropogenic factors and uncertain climate changes. Furthermore, the water in the Terengganu River was classified under class III caused by the active land use activities especially industrial and development but it is still suitable for recreational activities and safe for body contact because its water quality index is not less than 65% which early stage of Class II. The contributors of sedimentation problems are from unsustainable land use such as sand mining activities which effectively trap the bed sediments, backflow that carries out high sediments, as well as sedimentation produced due to the river bank erosion. This study suggests the sedimentation management methods including land use settlement, cliff erosion problems, settlement and negotiable of uncontrolled development operations in Terengganu River and the integration of river management methods based on integrated river basin management in Terengganu River Basin is recommended.

Sedimentation and water quality deterioration problems at Terengganu River Basin, Terengganu, Malaysia

Spatial interpolation method of water quality evaluation are frequently used to estimate valuation Kenyir Lake profiling used regression analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess a few of the water quality classification at Kenyir Lake. The purpose is to investigate the relative performance of different interpolation methods in surface waters. The study archived data from the Kenyir Lake using spatial interpolation of inverse distance weighting (IDW), which incorporates output from a process-based regression model. Interpolation were performed on temperature, total suspended solid (TSS) and turbidity (TUR) based on in-situ and ex-situ analyses according to the correlation matrix and linear regression at 14 different depths for the Chomor River and Mahadir Island. The result showed outlet significantly decreased over depth caused the water quality deterioration of Kenyir Lake development.

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Assessments of lake profiling on temperature, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and turbidity in the Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia

River plan change is one of the river geomorphology change process. This study focuses on the processes of the river plan change using geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing, and water quality analysis using water quality index (WQI) parameters. Multiple linear regression (MLR) method was used to observe the relationship between river plan change and WQI. Spatial model method was applied along the mainstream of Terengganu River Basin, using GIS to further justify the impact of river plan change on water quality status. The results obtained shows that the Terengganu River Basin has been going through certain river plan changes due to increase and decrease of the river plan criteria. Based on WQI analysis, the classification of water quality is under class III. Based on MLR, there are strong relationships between dissolved oxygen and river plan change which has value of R2 0.995, total suspended solids (TSS) with R2 0.764, and WQI with R2 0.928 during wet season, whereas during dry season, TSS and WQI showed the strong linear relationship with R2 of 0.997 and 0.985, respectively. This study will appropriately act as an aid of the local enforcement to determine the problems of the river management.

Evolution of river geomorphology to water quality impact using remote sensing and GIS technique.

The land-use and land-cover (LULC) pattern of an area is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their use spatially by man; this LULC varies from the forest, water body, agricultural land and so on. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) studies have predominantly focused on providing the technical knowledge of, where, and the type of LULC change that has occurred and its impacts on man and the environment. Knowledge about LULC changes is essential for understanding the relationships and interfaces between humans and the natural environment. The purpose of this article is to review the previous studies of the spatiotemporal LULC changes. However, thirty (30) articles were reviewed from 2011 to 2017. However, these articles studied the LULC, classification, changes and change detection analysis, using different methods and software of RS and G.I.S. The finding shows that these articles have overall accuracy assessment ranges from 75% to 95% validations. Also, supervised classification in Maximum Likelihood Algorithm method was mostly employed for the LULC classification. Moreover, these reviewed articles confirmed that LULC changes are imminent as a result of both natural and human factors which lead to increase and decrease of one LULC cover to another. Therefore proper monitoring of LULC changes when applied help the relevant government bodies, agencies and environmental managers utilise the environment to the fullest.  

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Analysis of Spatiotemporal Land Use and Land Cover Changes using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Review

Water ecosystem deterioration can be affected by various factors of either natural environment or physical changes in the river basin. Data observation were made during dry season (April 2017) and wet season (December 2017). 21 sampling stations were selected along Kenyir Lake Basin. Overall, the water quality status as stated in NWQS is categorized as Class I on dry season and Class II on wet sea-son. The major pollutants in Kenyir Lake are Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolve Oxygen and pH which are contributed largely by untreated or partially treated sewage from tourism development and construction activities around the basin. The sedimentation problem level in the Kenyir Lake Basin is not in critically stage but the flow rate of water and land use ac-tivities (development around basin) will be contributed to the increasing levels of sedimentation. The good site management such as the implementation of proper site practice measures to control and treat run-off prior to discharge will ensure that the construction works will not affect the quality and quantity of the receiving waters or have significant impact upon the receiving waters.

Muhammad Saupi

Papers

The potential impacts of anthropogenic and climate changes factors on surface water ecosystem deterioration at Kenyir Lake, Malaysia