VERY few veterinary surgeons have thought fit to write a book on diseases of poultry. Mr. Ernest Gray has done justice to the subject and is to be congratulated on his effort. A book of this size, written by one with specialized knowledge, will add to the value of any library or private bookshelf. Diseases of Poultry Their Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control; with a Section on the Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Fowl. By Ernest Gray. (Lockwood's Agricultural and Horticultural Handbooks.) Pp. x + 198 + 16 plates. (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, Ltd., 1940.) 9s. 6d. net.

Diseases of Poultry

A reviewer for the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of England comments \"This is the first book covering in one volume all important topics in genetical statistics.\" Written to provide basic probability ideas in terms of genetic situations, since the theory of genetics is a probability theory; to give a definitive treatment of applications of these ideas to genetic theory; and to describe statistical methods appropriate to the data models that are developed.

An Introduction to Genetic Statistics

Transfer Requirements The following requirements for the major are subject to change without notice. To assure accuracy of the information on this sheet, you should consult with a counselor, the articulation officer, or review articulation agreements via the internet at www.assist.org Veterinary medicine uses problem-solving skills and in-depth knowledge to diagnose, treat and prevent animal diseases. It is the broadest and most comprehensive of all the health professions. The profession is concerned with enhancing the health, welfare, and productivity of animals and assuring the safety of animal products used by people. Veterinarians are highly trained medical professionals who provide for the health needs of all kinds of animals while maintaining sensitivity to human health and well-being. Most veterinarians in the United States are engaged in private practice. Other veterinarians work in a wide range of fields relating to public health, animal disease control, environmental protection, the biotechnology industry, higher education and research. Academic preparation for veterinary school takes place at the undergraduate level through a comprehensive educational experience with special emphasis in the sciences. In order to succeed academically, in the rigorous veterinary school curriculum, veterinary schools are looking for individuals with a highly developed science background. Since Pre-Veterinary is not a major, it is important to meet with a counselor during your first semester at El Camino College to help with the selection of classes. 1. Academic preparation and grade point average is critical for admission. Cumulative GPA, strong grades in science courses, and GPA in the last two years of undergraduate study are critical in the selection process. 2. Many, but not all veterinary schools require a bachelor's degree. In some instances, a bachelor's degree may make an applicant more competitive in the admission process. 3. Score on a standardized graduate admissions test (e.g. GRE, MCAT, and VCAT). Check with the individual program for the specific test required. 4. Strong letters of recommendation-Most schools require a minimum of three letters of recommendation. Some schools require on letter from a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. 5. Undergraduate course of study-Veterinary schools are looking for both lower and upper division preparation. 6. Applicant's personal statement or narrative. 7. Extracurricular activities, work experience, community activities, motivation, individual character, personality, and other post-undergraduate experiences. 8. Animal related activities and/or animal related work experience-Most colleges are looking for a strong commitment to working with animals. Some require employment by a Veterinarian. 9. Personal interview. …

What is Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

Medicinal plants are the integral part of the variety of cultures in Ethiopia and have been used over many centuries. Hence, the aim of this study is to document the medicinal plants in the natural vegetation and home gardens in Wonago Woreda, Gedeo Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR). Thirty healers were selected to collect data on management of medicinal plants using semi-structured interview, group discussion, and field observation. The distribution of plant species in the study areas was surveyed, and preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, priority ranking of factors and Informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated. The informants categorized the vegetation into five community types based on plant density and associated landform: 'Raqqa', 'Hakka cadanaba', 'Mancchha', 'Bullukko', and 'Wodae gido'. 155 plant species were collected from the natural vegetation and 65 plant species from the home gardens ('Gattae Oduma'). Seventy-two plant species were documented as having medicinal value: Sixty-five (71%) from natural vegetation and 27 (29%) from home gardens. Forty-five (62%) were used for humans, 15(21%) for livestock and 13(18%) for treating both human and livestock ailments: 35 (43.2%) were Shrubs, 28(34.5%) herbs, 17 (20.9%) trees and 1(1.2%) climbers. The root (35.8%) was the most commonly used plant part. The category: malaria, fever and headache had the highest 0.82 ICF. Agricultural expansion (24.4%) in the area was found to be the main threat for medicinal plants followed by fire wood collection (18.8%). Peoples' culture and spiritual beliefs somehow helped in the conservation of medicinal plants. Traditional healers still depend largely on naturally growing plant species and the important medicinal plants are under threat. The documented medicinal plants can serve as a basis for further studies on the regions medicinal plants knowledge and for future phytochemical and pharmacological studies.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-28.pdf

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wonago Woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia

Ticks transmit wide range of virus to human and animals all over the globe Bourbon virus is new tick transmitted virus from bourbon county of United States of America This is first reported case from western hemisphere The objective of this review is to share information regarding present situation of this newly emerged virus and future challenges

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue3/PartF/4-2-17-868.pdf

Tick-borne “Bourbon” Virus: Current situation and future implications

This review emphasize that the avian host are strongly affected by ectoparasites and these ectoparasites causes serious threats to birds. These ectoparasites might be a serious threat for growth, reproduction and long term survival of birds. Moreover, these parasites may affect the host behavior in different ways like they can provoke their locomotors performance. By close observation it can be seen that these ectoparasites damage the bird’s feathers. Over all, the avian host was undeniably connected with species heterogeneity, species abundance and behavior. Different populations have close relations between epidemiological theory and ecosystem management. Among environmental factors that lead the prevalence of ectoparasites are temperature and seasonal variations. Migratory birds may also face extra risks to an already risky journey and also can got infected. Greater number of ectoparasites abundance for some migratory birds suggests that more research and observation are need particularly with reference to emerging diseases. The lice species are mostly present on passerine birds. The avifauna play critical role in the ecosystem and are implicated in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Study of ectoparasites movement with migratory birds is not only important with economical point of view but also have import role in public health. The visual observation and survey of ectoparasites on migratory birds is very important for control and prevention of parasites responsible for zoonotic disease.

http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94319.pdf

Insect ectoparasites on wild migratory birds: A review

Background Ticks vector a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens of public and animal health significance. Ticks also harbor a diverse community of microbes linked with their biological processes like hematophagy and hence vector competence. The interactions between bacterial and/or protozoan pathogens and their tick vector microbiome are yet to be investigated. In lieu of this, this study was designed to define the microbial composition of uninfected and infected Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (R.) microplus tick species. Methodology/Principal findings A total of 320 H. anatolicum and R. microplus were screened for the presence of the protozoan (Theileria sp.), and bacterial (Anaplasma marginale) pathogens by PCR. Subsequently, the microbiome of uninfected and infected individual H. anatolicum and R. microplus were analyzed. The highly conserved V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the MiSeq Illumina platform. The microbiome of female H. anatolicum anatolicum ticks was dominated by the endosymbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii (CMM) and Francisella-like endosymbiont (FLE) which were not affected by pathogen infection. Ehrlichia species was detected in A. marginale-infected male H. anatolicum anatolicum (6.2%) as opposed to the Theileria sp.-infected female H. anatolicum anatolicum. Coxiella sp. was also detected in uninfected (2.96%) and A. marginale-infected (4.25%), but not in Theileria sp.-infected R. microplus ticks. Analysis of the eukaryote composition in the respectively ticks also revealed the presence of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to Plasmodium (P.) falciparum in Theileria sp.-infected H. a. anatolicum and R. microplus ticks, while Hepatozoon americanum detected from Theileria sp.-infected and uninfected H. a. anatolicum. Conclusion and Significance This study establishes the extent of the diversity of microbial community of two important tick species from Pakistan and also revealed the presence of Theileria and A. marginale and additional pathogenic bacteria that could be of public health significance. We hypothesized that infection with either a protozoan or bacterial pathogen will alter the microbial composition within these tick species. Interestingly, we reported the detection of the malarial parasite (P. falciparum) from ticks infected with the protozoan pathogen (Theileria sp.). Further validation experiments are required on endosymbionts and pathogens of ticks to investigate how they could be important in the epidemiology of human and animal pathogens.

/pdf/tick-borne-bacterial-and-protozoan-animal-pathogens-shape-fsx77oae2e.pdf

Tick-Borne bacterial and protozoan animal pathogens shape the native microbiome within Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus tick vectors

Abstract. To characterize structure and molecular order in the nanometre range, distances between electron spins and their distributions can be measured via dipolar spin–spin interactions by different pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance experiments. Here, for the single-frequency technique for refocusing dipolar couplings (SIFTER), the buildup of dipolar modulation signal and intermolecular contributions is analysed for a uniform random distribution of monoradicals and biradicals in frozen glassy solvent by using the product operator formalism for electron spin S=1/2. A dipolar oscillation artefact appearing at both ends of the SIFTER time trace is predicted, which originates from the weak coherence transfer between biradicals. The relative intensity of this artefact is predicted to be temperature independent but to increase with the spin concentration in the sample. Different compositions of the intermolecular background are predicted in the case of biradicals and in the case of monoradicals. Our theoretical account suggests that the appropriate procedure of extracting the intramolecular dipolar contribution (form factor) requires fitting and subtracting the unmodulated part, followed by division by an intermolecular background function that is different in shape. This scheme differs from the previously used heuristic background division approach. We compare our theoretical derivations to experimental SIFTER traces for nitroxide and trityl monoradicals and biradicals. Our analysis demonstrates a good qualitative match with the proposed theoretical description. The resulting perspectives for a quantitative analysis of SIFTER data are discussed.


Intermolecular contributions, filtration effects and signal composition of SIFTER (single-frequency technique for refocusing)

The objective of the present study was to observe the seasonal pattern of the life cycle and the warble stage in bovinesof Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajan Pur Districts of Southern-Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted from July 2004 to June2005. The association was studied between various climatic changes and the ﬂy life cycle. The larvae of warble ﬂies wereextracted from the backs of naturally infested animals and identiﬁed. The adult ﬂy laid eggs in June, and hatched larvaepenetrated the skin and followed intensive internal migration to diaphragm, esophageal wall and subcutaneous connectivetissue in the month of July. At the start of August they reached the subcutaneous tissue and emergence began. In bothspecies, the maximum warble emergence was found in mid-December and the lowest in mid-March and mid-August. Itwas concluded that preventive treatment should be adopted before the month of July to avoid carcass depreciation anddecreased leather quality. Key words: Dera Ghazi Khan

Muhammad Sohail Sajid

Papers

Tick-borne “Bourbon” Virus: Current situation and future implications

Insect ectoparasites on wild migratory birds: A review

Tick-Borne bacterial and protozoan animal pathogens shape the native microbiome within Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus tick vectors

Intermolecular contributions, filtration effects and signal composition of SIFTER (single-frequency technique for refocusing)

ORIGINAL A RTICLE Emergence season of Hypoderma lineatum warbles in southern Punjab, Pakistan