Manufacturing processes such as casting, rolling, forging, extrusion, material removal processes, etc are some of the common techniques used today in manufacturing industries However, these proce

Advances in applications of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): A review

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of composite coatings for numerous applications, including aerospace, aircraft, and maritime vessels. These materials owe this popularity surge to the superior strength, weight, stiffness, and electrical insulation they exhibit over conventional substances, such as metals. The growing demand for such materials is accompanied by the inevitable need for fast, accurate, and affordable nondestructive testing techniques to reveal any possible defects within the coatings or any defects under coating. However, typical nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques such as ultrasonic testing (UT), infrared thermography (IRT), eddy current testing (ECT), and laser shearography (LS) have failed to provide successful results when inspecting composite coatings. Consequently, microwave NDT techniques have emerged to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional NDT approaches. Numerous microwave NDT methods have been reported for composite coatings inspection. Although existing microwave NDT methods have shown successful inspection of composite coatings, they often face several challenges, such as low spatial image quality and extensive data interpretation. Nevertheless, many of these limitations can be addressed by utilizing microwave NDT techniques with modern technologies such as soft computing. Artificially intelligent techniques have greatly enhanced the reliability and accuracy of microwave NDT techniques. This paper reviews various traditional NDT techniques and their limitations in inspecting composite coatings. In addition, the article includes a detailed review of several microwave NDT techniques and their benefits in evaluating composite coatings. The paper also highlights the advantages of using the recently reported microwave NDT approaches employing artificial intelligence approaches. This review demonstrates that microwave NDT techniques in conjunction with artificial intelligence approaches have excellent prospects for further enhancing composite coatings inspection and assessment efficiency. The review aimed to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of most NDT techniques used for composite materials alongside their most salient features.

A Past, Present, and Prospective Review on Microwave Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Coatings

Comparison of the effects and efficiency of vertical and side tamping methods for ballasted railway tracks

This paper reviews recent advances in sensor technologies for non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil structures. The article is motivated by the rapid developments in sensor technologies and data analytics leading to ever-advancing systems for assessing and monitoring structures. Conventional and advanced sensor technologies are systematically reviewed and evaluated in the context of providing input parameters for NDT and SHM systems and for their suitability to determine the health state of structures. The presented sensing technologies and monitoring systems are selected based on their capabilities, reliability, maturity, affordability, popularity, ease of use, resilience, and innovation. A significant focus is placed on evaluating the selected technologies and associated data analytics, highlighting limitations, advantages, and disadvantages. The paper presents sensing techniques such as fiber optics, laser vibrometry, acoustic emission, ultrasonics, thermography, drones, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), magnetostrictive sensors, and next-generation technologies.

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A Systematic Review of Advanced Sensor Technologies for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring

Different waves of the Lamb waves may be superimposed in practical tests due to their multimodal characteristics and dispersion characteristics, thus significantly increasing the difficulty of later signal analysis and creating a massive limitation to their application in non-destructive testing. Only a single magnet was used to generate a static magnetic field in the traditional S0 mode Lamb wave (S0 wave) electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT), which resulted in a less pure S0 wave. Additionally, the accompanying A0 mode Lamb wave (A0 wave) will decrease the accuracy of the results in defect detection and increase the difficulty of the signal processing. To obtain a single-mode S0 wave, a periodic magnet structure EMAT structure was proposed in this study. Finite element models were established, and the effect of single and periodic magnet structure on the static magnetic field was analyzed. The periodic magnet structure EMAT can substantially enhance the S0 mode Lamb wave amplitude by increasing the flux density of the local magnetic field using periodically arranged magnets. However, it also causes enhancement to the A0 wave and decreases the detection accuracy. An improved EMAT was further proposed to increase the S0 wave amplitude with no enhancement to the A0 wave amplitude. Experiments were conducted, and two types of EMAT were comparatively investigated, which agreed with the simulated results. The S0 wave amplitude can be increased by seven times with the improved EMAT compared to traditional EMAT, and the A0 wave is completely submerged in the noise. The improved EMAT proposed in this study can provide guidance for single-mode S0 wave defect detection.

An EMAT for improving the purity and amplitude of S0 Lamb waves

Abstract Friction stir processing (FSP) is a new technique that offers a green way of synthesizing composites. FSP is usually used to produce a composite layer on a substrate. This layer is known as surface composite. FSP utilizes the concept of severe plastic deformation to produce heat and create composites by combining the substrate material and reinforcement material. These surface composites can be synthesized using different reinforcements based upon reinforcement size and material. This paper focuses on critically reviewing nanoparticle reinforced surface composites. It discusses the advantages of FSP over the other techniques used for surface composite processing, such as laser treatment or cast sintering. In addition, different types of ceramic and carbonaceous nanoparticles used as reinforcements have also been discussed in this article. Furthermore, different types of reinforcement strategies used for nanoparticle reinforcement have also been discussed. The basic parameters that influence the properties of synthesized composites have been reviewed as well. This paper extensively examines the pros and cons of nanoparticle FSP studies that have been published over the years.

A review of nanoparticle reinforced surface composites processed by friction stir processing

Manufacturing defects and discontinuities in a product are anomalies which can lead to severe damages which may sometimes involve loss of life. These defects must be examined and corrected before the product goes into service. There are two methods of testing a product for defects and discontinuities viz. Destructive Testing and Non-Destructive Testing. Destructive Testing entails subjecting the product to conditions that leads to failure of the product whereas Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is the process of examining the products for defects in a way in which it retains its usefulness for future service. This paper discusses various methods involved in NDT such as Visual Testing, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Penetrant Testing, Ultrasonic Testing, Radiographic Testing, Acoustic Emission and Eddy Current Testing with a major focus on  advances in the applications of NDT.

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Muhsin Ahmad``` Khan

Papers

Advances in applications of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): A review

A review of nanoparticle reinforced surface composites processed by friction stir processing

Advances in applications of non-destructive testing (NDT): a review