In this article, a 2-dimensional work stressor framework is used to explain inconsistencies in past research with respect to stressor relationships with retention-related criteria. Results of meta-analyses of 183 independent samples indicated that whereas hindrance stressors had dysfunctional relationships with these criteria (negative relationships with job satisfaction and organizational commitment and positive relationships with turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior), relationships with challenge stressors were generally the opposite (positive relationships with job satisfaction and organizational commitment and negative relationships with turnover intentions and turnover). Results also suggested that the differential relationships between challenge stressors and hindrance stressors and the more distal criteria (withdrawal behavior and turnover) were due, in part, to the mediating effects of job attitudes.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/92/2/438.pdf

Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis

The present meta-analysis examined the tenure, age, and gender differences in the relationship between job insecurity and its job-related and health-related consequences. A total of 133 studies, providing 172 independent samples, were included in the analysis. Our results basically replicated Sverke et al.'s (2002) meta-analytic findings with an updated methodological approach and a larger database. The main differences between our findings and Sverke et al.'s are that the negative association between job insecurity and job performance was significant and that the relationship between insecurity and job involvement was smaller in our study. The moderator analysis also indicated that: (1) the positive association between job insecurity and turnover intention was stronger among employees with shorter tenure than those with longer tenure, and was stronger among younger than older employees; (2) the negative effect of insecurity on its health outcomes was more severe among employees with longer tenure than those with shorter tenure, and was more severe among older than younger employees; (3) the relationship between insecurity and the criterion variables was similar across gender. Results are discussed with reference to Hulin's (1991) theory of job adaptation and Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt's (1984) job dependence perspective.

Who suffers more from job insecurity? A Meta-Analytic review

CONTEXT: Evidence confirms associations between childhood violence and major causes of mortality in adulthood. A synthesis of data on past-year prevalence of violence against children will help advance the United Nations’ call to end all violence against children. OBJECTIVES: Investigators systematically reviewed population-based surveys on the prevalence of past-year violence against children and synthesized the best available evidence to generate minimum regional and global estimates. DATA SOURCES: We searched Medline, PubMed, Global Health, NBASE, CINAHL, and the World Wide Web for reports of representative surveys estimating prevalences of violence against children. STUDY SELECTION: Two investigators independently assessed surveys against inclusion criteria and rated those included on indicators of quality. DATA EXTRACTION: Investigators extracted data on past-year prevalences of violent victimization by country, age group, and type (physical, sexual, emotional, or multiple types). We used a triangulation approach which synthesized data to generate minimum regional prevalences, derived from population-weighted averages of the country-specific prevalences. RESULTS: Thirty-eight reports provided quality data for 96 countries on past-year prevalences of violence against children. Base case estimates showed a minimum of 50% or more of children in Asia, Africa, and Northern America experienced past-year violence, and that globally over half of all children—1 billion children, ages 2–17 years—experienced such violence. LIMITATIONS: Due to variations in timing and types of violence reported, triangulation could only be used to generate minimum prevalence estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Expanded population-based surveillance of violence against children is essential to target prevention and drive the urgent investment in action endorsed in the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.

Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates

http://sanacws.org.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Lancet-Prevention-of-VAWG-What-does-the-evidence-say.pdf

Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?

The present study investigates the relationships between a multidimensional, theoretically grounded configuration of high-involvement human resources (HR) practices and turnover intentions. Precisely, it addresses two research questions: What high-involvement HR practices are needed to implement an effective strategy for retaining highly skilled professionals? Do procedural justice, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors mediate the effects of high-involvement HR practices on turnover intentions? A survey instrument containing previously validated measures was developed and sent to Quebec members of the Canadian Information Processing Society. Data from 394 respondents were used to test the research model. Key findings reveal that nonmonetary recognition and competency development, and, to a lesser extent, fair rewards and information-sharing practices, are negatively and directly related to turnover intentions. The authors also observed that procedural justice, affective and continuance com...

The Influence of High-Involvement Human Resources Practices, Procedural Justice, Organizational Commitment, and Citizenship Behaviors on Information Technology Professionals' Turnover Intentions

Employee job satisfaction in developing countries: The case of Kenya

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sexual assault is a major cause of injury, unplanned pregnancy, HIV infection, and mental health problems worldwide. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, sexual assault has reached epidemic proportions. This study evaluated the efficacy of an empowerment and self-defense intervention for adolescent girls to decrease the incidence of sexual assault and harassment in Nairobi’s large informal settlements. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 1978 adolescents from 4 neighborhoods near Nairobi were taught empowerment, deescalation, and self-defense skills in six 2-hour sessions. The standard-of-care (SOC) group ( n = 428) received a life skills class. Self-reported, anonymous survey data were collected at baseline and 10.5 months after intervention. RESULTS: Annual sexual assault rates decreased from 17.9/100 person-years at baseline to 11.1 at follow-up (rate ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–1.86; P P = .92). Sexual assault disclosure in the intervention group increased from 56% to 75% ( P = .006), compared with a constant incidence of disclosure (53%) in the SOC group. The majority (52.3%) of adolescents in the intervention group reported using skills learned to stop an assault. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention decreased sexual assault rates among adolescent girls in Kenya. The intervention was also associated with an increase in the disclosure of assaults, thereby enabling survivors to seek care and support and possibly leading to the identification and prosecution of perpetrators. This model should be adaptable to other settings both in Africa and globally.

Rape prevention through empowerment of adolescent girls

A Self-Defense Program Reduces the Incidence of Sexual Assault in Kenyan Adolescent Girls

One of the major impediments to economic, social and political development inAfrican is corruption. Although there is an extensive literature explaining theentrenchment of this pandemic for the most part, the explanation ignores the roleof colonialism in the genesis and sustenance of corruption in Africa. In this paper,we try to establish a link between colonialism and corruption, its genesis andinstitutionalisation. We argue that the incidence of corruption could be bestunderstood in the context of colonialism - its systematic use of material induce-ments to compel African chiefs/administrators to collaborate with them in thepursuit of their colonial project of dominating and exploiting their own peoples.The practices of post-colonial Africa's political and bureaucratic elites aremerely an extension of such colonial policies and practices which have served toentrench it. Introduction The term corruption, as defined by Osoba (1996: 372), refers to:a form of antisocial behaviour by an individual or social group whichconfers unjust or fraudulent benefits on its perpetrators, is inconsistent withthe established legal norms and prevailing moral ethos of the land and islikely to subvert or diminish the capacity of the legitimate authorities toprovide fully for the material and spiritual well-being of all members ofsociety in a just and equitable manner.Corrupt behaviour would therefore incorporate acts such as the use of public

/pdf/interrogating-our-past-colonialism-and-corruption-in-sub-566riy65kf.pdf

Interrogating Our Past: Colonialism and Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa

The study’s design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements. The participants were primary school girls aged 10–16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls’ program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys’ program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals. Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease, p = 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1–4 scale), p = 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39). This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population.

/pdf/a-behavior-based-intervention-that-prevents-sexual-assault-282nsifx11.pdf

Munyae M. Mulinge

Papers

Employee job satisfaction in developing countries: The case of Kenya

Rape prevention through empowerment of adolescent girls

A Self-Defense Program Reduces the Incidence of Sexual Assault in Kenyan Adolescent Girls

Interrogating Our Past: Colonialism and Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa

A behavior-based intervention that prevents sexual assault: the results of a matched-pairs, cluster-randomized study in Nairobi, Kenya