Studies on the adverse health effects caused by azo dyes are insufficient and quite contradictory. This work aims to investigate the possible toxic effect of two types of widely used food additives, Sunset Yellow and Allura Red, by assessing the physiological, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the liver and kidney. Also, we investigated the genotoxic effect of both dyes on white blood cells. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals each: control (received water), Sunset Yellow-treated (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and Allura Red-treated (seven mg/kg body weight). The doses were orally applied for 4 weeks. Our results indicated an increase in the biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function (Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, uric acid and creatinine) in animals administered with the azo dyes. We also observed a noticeable increase in MDA and a marked decrease in total antioxidant levels in azo dye-treated animals compared to controls. Conversely, both dyes adversely affected the liver and kidney of albino rats and altered their histological and fine structure, with downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of COX2 expression. Our comet assay results showed a significant elevation in the fold change of tail moment in response to application of Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red. Collectively, we show that Sunset Yellow and Allura Red cause histopathological and physiological aberrations in the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats. Moreover, Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red induces a potential genotoxic effect.

Sunset Yellow and Allura Red modulate Bcl2 and COX2 expression levels and confer oxidative stress-mediated renal and hepatic toxicity in male rats

The aim of the present work was to develop a biochemical, histologic and immunohistochemical study about the potential hepatotoxic effect of d -limonene – a component of volatile oils extracted from citrus plants. Blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from d -limonene-treated animals were determined and compared to morphologic hepatic lesions in order to investigate the possible physiopathologic mechanisms involved in the liver toxicity, in experimental animals treated with d -limonene. Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: two control groups (untreated or receiving only vehicle, tween-80); one positive control (vehicle); two experimental groups treated with d -limonene at doses of 25 mg/kg/day and 75 mg/kg/day for 45 days, and two other groups treated with the same doses for 30 days and kept under observation during 30 more days. Biochemical data showed significant reduction in ALT levels in the animals treated with 75 mg/kg of d -limonene. Histological analysis revealed some hepatocyte morphological lesions, including hydropic degeneration, microvesicular steatosis and necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia and incipient fibrosis. By immunohistochemistry, influx of T (CD3+) and cytotoxic (CD8+) lymphocytes was observed in the rats treated with d -limonene at both dose levels. In conclusion, it is possible that d -limonene has been directly responsible for hepatic parenchymal and matrix damage following subchronic treatment with d -limonene.

Histopathological and biochemical assessment of d-limonene-induced liver injury in rats

The sural nerve is a sensory nerve, usually formed in the distal part of the leg by the union of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve or the communicating fibular branch with the medial sural cutaneous nerve. The aim of this paper is to present a case of a variant formation of the sural nerve and a review of the literature related to this case. During the dissection of an adult male cadaver, the medial sural cutaneous nerve and communicating fibular branch, after respectively deriving from the tibial and common fibular nerve, were noticed to continue their course without any formation of a unique nerve trunk on the posterior side of both lower limbs. A transverse communicating branch, connecting these two nerves, was present in both legs. As the sural nerve is of significant diagnostic and therapeutic importance, detailed knowledge of the sural nerve’s anatomy and its contributing nerves is also of great importance.

The bilateral anatomical variation of the sural nerve and a review of relevant literature

The Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda and sexual differentiation models predict an association between elevated foetal androgen exposure and left-handedness whereas the callosal hypothesis predicts the opposite. We present a meta-analysis of correlations between handedness and digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal testosterone. Left-handedness predicted low (male-typical) right-hand digit ratio (R2D:4D), high (female-typical) left-hand digit ratio (L2D:4D), and low R2D:4D-L2D:4D directional asymmetry (D[R-L]). Effect sizes were extremely small and not moderated by sex or method of measuring handedness or 2D:4D. The same general pattern was observed after excluding the very large study (110,329 males, 90,412 females) of Manning and Peters ([2009]. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and hand preference for writing in the BBC Internet Study. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 14(5), 528-540. doi:10.1080/13576500802637872); however, no significant effects for R2D:4D were observed once these samples were removed. The results do not confirm any theory linking prenatal androgens with handedness, so we speculate they instead reflect the mechanical action of writing causing subtle changes in the musculature and/or fat pads of the fingers. Gripping a pen/pencil might cause an increase in 2D relative to 4D (and/or decrease in 4D relative to 2D) resulting in higher ratios on the writing-hand; furthermore, this could differ between left- and right-handers due to writing in the left-to-right direction (as in English) having asymmetrical effects depending on which hand is used.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handedness: A meta-analysis of the available literature

SUMMARY: Aloe Barbadensis, which is a species of Aloe vera, is a popular plant used by the common people and in alternative medicine. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Aloe Barbadensis and soybean oil on liver. For this study Wistar Albino female rats were taken and divided into 3 equal groups; the first group was the control group wherein no treatment was applied, second group in which the dissolved form of A. barbadensis in the soybean oil was applied (25 mg/day), and the third group which only soybean oil was applied (500 mg/day). Biopsy materials were taken from the lobus dexter of the livers of the rats and analyzed with light microscope after the necessary standard processing of histologic slides. Group I demonstrated normal structural characteristics of rat liver. In Group II and Group III, we observed nuclear enlargement, mild increase in chromatin and hydropic degeneration and binucleation in some hepatocytes. Liver histology demonstrated congestion in portal veins, sinusoids and the central veins. Merely in Group III, portal venous congestion and in Group II sinusoidal congestion was evident parenchyma of the liver. Additionally in Group III liver histology demonstrated plasmocyte infiltration in portal areas. Our study showed that using soybean with Aloe Barbadensis is synergystic and increasing each others effects. However we didn't observe mononeuclear infiltrations in Group II, these show antinflammatory effects of Aloe Barbadensis. It is determined that, depending on the used dose of Aloe Barbadensis, the toxic effect can change. If Aloe Barbadensis used very high doses it can have toxic effect on hepatocytes.

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Histopathological Effects of Aloe barbadensis and Soybean Oil on Rat Liver Efectos Histopatológicos de Aloe barbadensis y Aceite de Soya en Hígado de Rata

To compare and detect possible differences between the digit length and digit length ratios in left- and right-handed female and male students One of the cerebral hemispheres is dominant over the other Knowing a person’s dominant hemisphere can be a useful guide in some personal activities Materials and methods: Digit lengths (D) of the students were measured, followed by calculating the ratio of each digit to the others (1D:2D, 1D:3D, 1D:4D, 1D:5D, 2D:3D, 2D:4D, 2D:5D, 3D:4D, 3D:5D, and 4D:5D) Results: In males, no significant difference was found between digit lengths and digit length ratios Among left-handed females, the fifth digit length was significantly longer The 2D:5D, 3D:5D, and 4D:5D ratios were significantly smaller in their left hands, which indicated that the fifth digit was longer in left-handed females Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that left-handed women could be especially successful in sports that require grasping a ball This criterion should be considered for left-handed women while selecting athletes

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Comparison of all hand digit length ratios in left- and right-handed individuals

Aloe Barbadensis, una especie de Aloe vera, es una planta popular usada por el comun de las personas y tambien en la medicina alternativa. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos del Aloe Barbadensis y aceite de soya en el higado. Para el estudio se emplearon ratas Wistar hembras Albino y se dividieron en 3 grupos: grupo control I sin tratamiento; grupo II A. barbadensis disuelta en aceite de soja (25 mg / dia), y grupo III tratado solo con aceite de soja (500 mg / dia). Fueron extraidas biopsias del lobulo derecho del higado de las ratas y luego se analizaron con microscopio de luz. En el grupo I el higado de las ratas era normal. En los grupos II y III, se observo aumento del tamano nuclear, leve aumento de la cromatina y degeneracion hidropica y binucleacion en algunos hepatocitos. La histologia hepatica mostro la congestion en las venas porta, sinusoides y las centrales. En el grupo III, la congestion venosa portal y en el Grupo II la congestion sinusoidal fue evidente. Ademas, el Grupo III revelo infiltracion de plasmocitos en areas portales. El uso de soja con Aloe Barbadensis es sinergista y aumenta cada uno de otros efectos. Infiltraciones mononucleares en el grupo III determinan la reaccion inflamatoria. Sin embargo, no observamos infiltracion mononuclear en el Grupo II, este mostro efectos antiinflamatorios de la Aloe Barbadensis. Esto determina que, dependiendo de la dosis usada de Aloe Barbadensis, los efectos toxicos pueden cambiar. Si es usado en altas dosis Aloe Barbadensis puede producir efectos toxicos en los hepatocitos.

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Histopathological Effects of Aloe barbadensis and Soybean Oil on Rat Liver

The famous Muslim medical scholar who was raised in Al-Andalus, Albucasis, was born in El-Zahra near the province of Cordoba and lived between 930-1013 AD. Although he is known as Albucasis, Abu'l-Qasim or Al-Zahrawi in the West, his real name was Abu al-Qasim Khalaf Ibn Al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi. He is regarded as the father of Muslim surgeons. In Europe and Anatolia, Al-Zahrawi had a large influence on the renaissance movement that took shape on Muslim scholars and their wisdom. He also studied theology and the time's science fields. The 30 chapter treatise which made Al-Zahrawi famous was Kitab al-Tasrif. The most important part of the treatise Chapter 30 was about surgery and became a primary source for doctors for centuries in Europe.

Albucasis: Founder of Catgut

Los pliegues digitales de flexion constituyen unos de los puntos de referencia anatomicos externos en la mano. En este estudio se midieron y compararon las distancias entre los pliegues digitales de la manos (haustra digiti) de individuos diestros y zurdos. Tambien se registraron las formulas digitales. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre mujeres zurdas y diestras y tampoco entre varones diestros y zurdos en relacion a la distancia de los pliegues digitales (p>0,05). No se detectaron diferencias en el haustra digiti de las mujeres diestras. Las mujeres que utilizaban su mano izquierda tenian una diferencia significativamente mayor (p=0,48) en el segmento distal del segundo dedo, comparado con el de la mano derecha. Sin embargo, no se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los individuos de sexo masculino en sus manos izquierda y derecha, a nivel de todos los segmentos de los haustra digiti. La formula digital 3>4>2>5>1 se encontro en 78,12% de las mujeres zurdas, en el 66,7% de hombres zurdos, en el 54,54% de mujeres diestras, y en el 78,57% de hombres diestros. Nuestro estudio ha contribuido a la literatura sobre la asimetria morfologica de los pliegues digitales de las mujeres zurdas.

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Distances of Palmar Flexion Creases (Haustra Digiti) and Digital Formulae in Right and Left Handed People

During routine cadaver dissection two different sural nerve formations were observed in the 64-year-old male cadaver. Clinically, sural nerve is largely used in biopsy and as a graft in nerve transplantations. Therefore, knowing about the course, formation pattern and variations of sural nerve are important for the abovementioned procedures, as well as explaining the different clinical findings.

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Murat Diramali

Papers

Comparison of all hand digit length ratios in left- and right-handed individuals

Histopathological Effects of Aloe barbadensis and Soybean Oil on Rat Liver

Albucasis: Founder of Catgut

Distances of Palmar Flexion Creases (Haustra Digiti) and Digital Formulae in Right and Left Handed People

Bilateral variations in the formation of sural nervetibial