Soil Chemical Analysis

Nature And Properties Of Soils

 Image 1 outlines the different ‘strata’ or pastures proportions referred to in the descriptions of PUP grazing management.  Making an informed decision about pasture allocation is centred around quantifying what is on offer both in terms of quantity and quality.  The amount of kikuyu consumed by a milking cow is primarily dictated by the quantity on offer. However, pasture factors that also influence intake are: o the height of the pasture o the amount of previous faecal and urine residual contamination o the quality of the pasture consumed Grazing Kikuyu using PUP

방목 초지관리 ( Grazing Management )

Background: Due to its diverse geographical and habitat conditions, northern Pakistan harbors a wealth of medicinal plants. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. This study was carried out to document which medicinal plant species and which plant parts are used in the region of Swat, which syndrome categories are particularly concerned, and which habitat spectrum is frequented by collectors. Finally, we assessed to which extent medicinal plants are vulnerable due to collection and habitat destruction. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was undertaken in the Miandam area of Swat, North Pakistan. Data were collected through field assessment as well as from traditional healers and locals by means of personal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Results: A total of 106 ethno-medicinal plant species belonging to 54 plant families were recorded. The most common growth forms were perennial (43%) and short-lived herbs (23%), shrubs (16%), and trees (15%). Most frequently used plant parts were leaves (24%), fruits (18%) and subterranean parts (15%). A considerable proportion of the ethno-medicinal plant species and remedies concerns gastro-intestinal disorders. The remedies were mostly prepared in the form of decoction or powder and were mainly taken orally. Eighty out of 106 ethno-medicinal plants were indigenous. Almost 50% of the plants occurred in synanthropic vegetation while slightly more than 50% were found in semi-natural, though extensively grazed, woodland and grassland vegetation. Three species (Aconitum violaceum, Colchicum luteum, Jasminum humile) must be considered vulnerable due to excessive collection. Woodlands are the main source for non-synanthropic indigenous medicinal plants. The latter include many range-restricted taxa and plants of which rhizomes and other subterranean parts are dug out for further processing as medicine. Conclusion: Medicinal plants are still widely used for treatment in the area of Swat. Some species of woodlands seem to be adapted to wood-pasture, but vulnerable to overcollecting, and in particular to deforestation. It is suggested to implement local small-scaled agroforestry systems to cultivate vulnerable and commercially valuable ethno-medicinal woodland plants under local self-government responsibility.

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Diversity and use of ethno-medicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan

Flowers of the Himalaya.

To evaluate the effect of foliar application of zin c and boron on yield and yield components of wheat, the present experiment was conducted at Agricultural Re search Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawa r during winter seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. Solutions of zinc, boron and zinc plus boron were used as folia r spray, each applied at tillering, jointing and boot stage. Wate r application and no spray application were used as control. During both of the seasons, significant increase was recor ded in number of spikes m -2 , grains spike -1 , thousand grain weight, biological yield and grain yield for foliar applica tion of zinc and boron as compared to both control treatments. Combined application of zinc and boron resulted in maximum grains spike -1 (56, during 2004-05 and 48.2 during 200506 with 52.2 as mean over years), thousand grains w eight (52.2 as mean over years), biological yield (kg ha -1 during 2004-05 and 11389 kg ha -1 during 2005-06 with 10069.4 kg ha -1 as mean value) and grain yield (2833 kg ha -1 , during 2004-05 and 2555 kg ha -1 , during 2005-06). Water application and control tr eatments resulted in minimum number of spikes m -2 , grains spike -1 , thousand grain weight, biological yield and grain yield, during both of the growing seasons. The present experiment shows that foliar a pplication of zinc and boron results in increased g rain yield and yield components of wheat, and thus is recommended to increase crop production.

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Enhancement of wheat grain yield and yield components through foliar application of zinc and boron.

Combining ability estimation are important genetic attributes for maize breeders in anticipating improvement in productivity via hybridization and selection. Maize exhibits heterosis for all traits and the extent of heterosis is significantly variable depending on the choice of parents and the trait(s) measured. We developed hundreds of S 2 lines in 2009 and out of these S 2 lines, several selected lines were crossed with three different testers in three isolations to generate testcrosses (spring 2010). The testcrosses were evaluated in a partial lattice square design with two replications to divulge combining ability and heterosis for particular traits of economic importance (summer-2010). Phenotypic data were recorded for flowering time, morphological traits and total yield to calculate total variability, combining abilities and mid parent (MPH) and better parent (BPH) heterosis. The 87 testcrosses possessed highly significant differences (P � 0.01) for the investigated traits. Proportional contribution of lines, tester and their interaction to the total variability for anthesis silking interval (ASI) was 38.33, 2.34 and 59.33%, respectively. Means yield ranged from 2547.45 to 9842.02 kg ha -1 . Maximum yield was observed for CMI-76, using OPV Jalal as a tester, while minimum yield was detected for CMI-190-2, using WD3x 6 as a tester. In general, tester parent OPV Jalal showed better heterotic effect with each line as compared to other testers. Based on these results we conclude that maize unveiled excessive ability for heterotic expression, even several inbred lines exhibit enough variability to find out appropriate genotypes for a successful breeding program and generating stable inbred lines for production of commercial hybrids. Genetic variability and harboring of excessive hybrid vigor makes maize as a model crop for all kind of studies. Furthermore, these results suggested that the input cost of hybrids can easily be minimized by avoiding losses of resources and time in production of desirable inbred lines, as it is obvious that the breeding community always preferred hybrids maize rather than OPV or synthetics varieties because of its high productivity.

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Heterosis for yield and agronomic attributes in diverse maize germplasm

The study was designed to explore the floristic composition and biological characteristics of the area A record of plant species of Shahbaz Garhi, Mardan was organized during 2009 – 2010 A record of plant species was organized on the source of field trips conducted in winter, summer and monsoon and identified with available literature The plants were classified into different life form and leaf size classes after standard methods The flora consisted of 132 plant species belonging to 104 genera and 47 families Asteraceae and Poaceae are the dominant families The biological spectrum explains that therophytes (63 spp, 4773%) were the dominant followed by chamaephytes (24 spp, 1818%), magaphanerophytes (15 spp, 1136%), hemicryptophytes (13 spp, 985%), nanophanerophytes (12 spp, 909%), geophytes (4 spp, 303%) and parasite (1 spp, 076%) Leaf size classes of plants consisted of microphylls (62 spp, 4697%), mesophylls (28 spp, 2121%), nanophylls (18 spp, 1364%), leptophylls (15 spp, 1136%) and megaphylls (9 spp, 682%) Analysis of the study reveals the phytoclimate to be of therophytic type The domination of therophytes indicates that the investigated area is under deep biotic stress

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Floristic Composition and Ecological Characteristics of Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan, Pakistan

Morphological markers play a pivotal role in selection of desirable traits in all plant breeding programs The genetic linkage maps provide the basic information about the nature and place of genes on genetic maps Two plant introduction (PI) germplasm of Brassica napus ie PI409024 and PI 535850 were interspecifically hybridized to 366 and 1203 lines of B campestris The hybrids ie 409024 x 1203 and crusher x 1203 were grown to produce F1 generation The F1 populations were evaluated for genetic nature of four morphological qualitative traits like plant color, flower color, leaf shape and leaf pubescence at the KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar In F1 generation dark green plant color (C), dark yellow flower color (Y), entire leaf shape (E1) and non-hairiness of leaf (h) were expressed as dominant traits In F2 generation the hybrids segregated and were classified into their respective phenotypic classes Linkages were detected between Y and H, and E1 and H, pairs of loci The recombination frequency between Y and H loci was 177±103 cM, and between E1 and H was 323±99 cM

Linkage of morphological markers in Brassica.

The present study documents the traditional knowledge of medicinal halophytes of Noshpho Salt Mine District Karak, Khyber Pakhton Khwa (KPK), Pakistan. These medicinal halophytes are wide spread and are common in Noshpho Salt Mine. We have documented the use of 33 species belonging to 18 families. The dominant families are Asteraceae with 6 species, followed by Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae with 3 species, Asclepiadaceae, Capparidaceae, Mimosaceae, Rhamnaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae with 2 species each. These medicinal plants are used to cure about 30 to 35 types of diseases. The main diseases in this area were cough, diabetes, stomach problem, headache, jaundice, toothache and skin diseases. Leaves are the most frequently used plant part against diseases. The area was investigated for the first time ever and information about the traditional remedies were collected and documented before they are lost. With a little support, the cultivation and conservation of such natural resources may result in sustainable maintenance and utilization of this plant wealth and uplift the socio-economic status of the people. It is also recommended that both the public and private sector should be encouraged to invest in these plants which have potential to become an economically viable industry.

	 

	Key words: Medicinal halophyte, conservation, Noshpho salt mine, Pakistan

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1379251316_Khan et al.pdf

Musharaf Khan

Papers

Enhancement of wheat grain yield and yield components through foliar application of zinc and boron.

Heterosis for yield and agronomic attributes in diverse maize germplasm

Floristic Composition and Ecological Characteristics of Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan, Pakistan

Linkage of morphological markers in Brassica.

Ethnobotanical importance of halophytes of Noshpho salt mine, District Karak, Pakistan