Hydrogen storage systems (HSSs), are the backbone of feasible hydrogen economy. To provide a reliable renewable energy system, safe, cost effective and compact HSS is due. Physical storage systems involve the compressed gas, liquid and cryo-compressed techniques while material based one involves adsorptive materials, metal hydrides and chemical storage materials. In this paper, the features of a variety of HSSs are impartially discussed. The technical comparative analysis of the different physical and material based types of HSSs illustrates the paradoxical inherent features, including gravimetric and volumetric storage densities and parameters associated with storage and release processes, among these systems. Accordingly, no ideal hydrogen storage technique can be considered the best-fit for all stationary and automotive applications. Therefore, not only a unique HSS solution can properly provide the needs, but a set of complementary HSS solutions which may offer the system designer several options. This set of options can be hardly interpretable in case of the unclear definition of the application needs which may be time variant. Inside this review, the critical insights and recommendations about suitable applications for storage systems are provided. Different standards and codes alongside the corresponding tests are demonstrated for the different storage technologies. Moreover, storage vessels research work is overviewed for the different hydrogen storage technologies. In addition, the failure behaviour, criteria and prediction models are investigated for composite vessels subjected to high pressures and extreme temperatures degrading their mechanical behaviour and failure resistance.

Hydrogen storage technologies for stationary and mobile applications: Review, analysis and perspectives

The implementations of fuel cells (FCs) in the vehicle industry have gained great attention for the last few decades owing to simple utilization, silent operation, high efficiency and modular structure. Technological advancements show that the use of FCs in electric vehicles (EVs) will increase rapidly and cause a revolution, and will be an alternative to traditional vehicles in the future. Commercial vehicles, projects and research show that work is underway to ensure that FCEVs have sufficient performance advances for their daily transportation needs. However, the lack of a detailed study that will shed light on researchers working in this field is obvious. It aims to provide a comprehensive scientific publication on the current status and future expectations to engineers and researchers interested in this field. In the current study, numerous studies have been examined in detail and added as supplementary to the bibliography. In this context, FCEVs are classified under headings of configurations, systems components, control/management, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects. First of all, FC types and electric motors are discussed in terms of their application areas, characteristic properties and operating conditions. Power converters, which are voltage regulation and motor drive topologies used in FCEVs, are detailed according to the structural frequency of use, structure, and complexity. In the next sections, control issues for converters and technical challenges are branched for FCEVs. In final section, the current status and future aspects are reported using a large number of marketing and target data.

A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects

The potential for reduced fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles by the use of predictive powertrain control was assessed on measured-drive data from an urban route with varying topography. The assessment was done by evaluating the fuel consumption using three optimal controllers, each with a different level of information access to the driven route. The lowest information case represents that the vehicle knows that it is being driven in a certain environment, e.g., city driving, and that the controller has been optimized for that type of environment. The second highest information level represents a vehicle equipped with a GPS combined with a traffic-flow information system. In the highest information level, the future power demand is completely known to the control system, hence, the corresponding optimal controller results in the minimal attainable fuel consumption. This paper showed that good performance (1%-3% from the minimal attainable fuel consumption) can be achieved with the lowest information case, with a time-invariant controller that is optimized to the environment. The second highest information level results in less than 0.2% higher consumption than the minimal attainable on the studied route. This means that it is possible to design a predictive controller based on information supplied by the vehicle-navigation system and traffic-flow-information systems that can come very close to the minimal attainable fuel consumption. A novel algorithm that uses information supplied by the vehicle-navigation system was presented. The proposed algorithm results in a consumption only 0.3% from the minimal attainable consumption on the studied route.

Assessing the potential of predictive control for hybrid vehicle powertrains using stochastic dynamic programming

The climate changes that are becoming visible today are a challenge for the global research community. The stationary applications sector is one of the most important energy consumers. Harnessing the potential of renewable energy worldwide is currently being considered to find alternatives for obtaining energy by using technologies that offer maximum efficiency and minimum pollution. In this context, new energy generation technologies are needed to both generate low carbon emissions, as well as identifying, planning and implementing the directions for harnessing the potential of renewable energy sources. Hydrogen fuel cell technology represents one of the alternative solutions for future clean energy systems. This article reviews the specific characteristics of hydrogen energy, which recommends it as a clean energy to power stationary applications. The aim of review was to provide an overview of the sustainability elements and the potential of using hydrogen as an alternative energy source for stationary applications, and for identifying the possibilities of increasing the share of hydrogen energy in stationary applications, respectively. As a study method was applied a SWOT analysis, following which a series of strategies that could be adopted in order to increase the degree of use of hydrogen energy as an alternative to the classical energy for stationary applications were recommended. The SWOT analysis conducted in the present study highlights that the implementation of the hydrogen economy depends decisively on the following main factors: legislative framework, energy decision makers, information and interest from the end beneficiaries, potential investors, and existence of specialists in this field.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/23/4593/pdf

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology for the Sustainable Future of Stationary Applications

Grid integrated renewable DG systems: A review of power quality challenges and state-of-the-art mitigation techniques

Review of fuel cells to grid interface: Configurations, technical challenges and trends

Active/reactive energy control scheme for grid-connected fuel cell system with local inductive loads

Hybrid active power filter (HAPF) consisting of passive filter and active filter in various configurations to each other has now become preferred technology for harmonic compensation in two wire, three wire and four wire ac power networks with nonlinear loads. This paper presents a detailed survey of hybrid active power filters considering converter topologies, supply system and passive filter type. In addition, the control strategies are discussed in detail. The main aim of this paper is to provide a broad perspective on the status of HAPF technology to researchers and application engineers dealing with power quality. More than eighty research papers are reviewed and classified into categories and subcategories.

Mustafa Inci

Papers

A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects

Review of fuel cells to grid interface: Configurations, technical challenges and trends

Active/reactive energy control scheme for grid-connected fuel cell system with local inductive loads

Review of hybrid active power filter topologies and controllers

Performance enhancement of energy extraction capability for fuel cell implementations with improved Cuckoo search algorithm