https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/lsj1973/14/3/14_3_202/_pdf

Low Power Laser Therapy

Radiation therapy, which applies high-energy rays, to eradicate tumor cells, is considered an essential therapy for the patients with breast cancer. Most tumor cells secrete exosomes, which are involved in cell-to-cell communication in tumor tissue and contribute therapeutic resistance and promote tumor aggressiveness. Here, we investigated the effect of clinically applicable doses of X-ray irradiation (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy) on the dynamics of the exosomes’ activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Survival and apoptosis rate of cells against X-ray doses was examined using MTT and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Whereas, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the X-ray-treated cells were detected by fluorometric method. The mRNA levels of vital genes involved in exosome biogenesis and secretion including Alix, Rab11, Rab27a, Rab27b, TSPA8, and CD63 were measured by real-time PCR. The protein level of CD63 was examined by Western blotting. Additionally, exosomes were characterized by monitoring acetylcholinesterase activity, transmission electron microscopy, size determination, and zeta potential. The result showed that in comparison with control group cell survival and the percentage of apoptotic cells as well as amount of ROS dose-dependently decreased and increased in irradiated cells respectively (p < 0.05). The expression level of genes including Alix, Rab27a, Rab27b, TSPA8, and CD63 as well as the protein level of CD63 upraised according to an increase in X-ray dose (p < 0.05). We found that concurrent with an increasing dose of X-ray, the acetylcholinesterase activity, size, and zeta-potential values of exosomes from irradiated cells increased (p < 0.05). Data suggest X-ray could activate exosome biogenesis and secretion in MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent way, suggesting the therapeutic response of cells via ROS and exosome activity.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/15/3649/pdf

Ionizing Radiation Increases the Activity of Exosomal Secretory Pathway in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells: A Possible Way to Communicate Resistance against Radiotherapy.

The distinct role of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on endothelial exosome biogenesis remains unclear. We hypothesize that laser irradiation of high dose in human endothelial cells (ECs) contributes to the modulation of exosome biogenesis via Wnt signaling pathway. When human ECs were treated with LLLI at a power density of 80 J/cm2, the survival rate reduced. The potential of irradiated cells to release exosomes was increased significantly by expressing genes CD63, Alix, Rab27a, and b. This occurrence coincided with an enhanced acetylcholine esterase activity, pseudopodia formation, and reduced zeta potential value 24 h post-irradiation. Western blotting showed the induction of LC3 and reduced level of P62, confirming autophagy response. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy analyses revealed the health status of the mitochondrial function indicated by normal ΔΨ activity without any changes in the transcription level of PINK1 and Optineurin. When cells exposed to high power laser irradiation, p-Akt/Akt ratio and in vitro tubulogenesis capacity were blunted. PCR array and bioinformatics analyses showed the induction of transcription factors promoting Wnt signaling pathways and GTPase activity. Thus, LLLI at high power intensity increased exosome biogenesis by the induction of autophagy and Wnt signaling. LLLI at high power intensity increases exosome biogenesis by engaging the transcription factors related to Wnt signaling and autophagy stimulate.

Low-level laser irradiation at a high power intensity increased human endothelial cell exosome secretion via Wnt signaling

The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes an arduous global health challenge, and the increasing number of fatalities calls for the speedy pursuit of a remedy. This review emphasizes the changing aspects of the COVID-19 disease, featuring the cytokine storm's pathological processes. Furthermore, we briefly reviewed potential therapeutic agents that may modulate and alleviate cytokine storms. The literature exploration was made using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Google scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases to retrieve the most recent literature on the etiology, diagnostic markers, and the possible prophylactic and therapeutic options for the management of cytokine storm in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 disease. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), continually threatens the efficiency of the immune system of the infected individuals. As the first responder, the innate immune system provides primary protection against COVID-19, affecting the disease's progression, clinical outcome, and prognosis. Evidence suggests that the fatalities associated with COVID-19 are primarily due to hyper-inflammation and an aberrant immune function. Accordingly, the magnitude of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, (IL-6), and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) significantly differentiate between mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The early prediction of a cytokine storm is made possible by several serum chemistry and hematological markers. The prompt use of these markers for diagnosis and the aggressive prevention and management of a cytokine release syndrome is critical in determining the level of morbidity and fatality associated with COVID-19. The prophylaxis and the rapid treatment of cytokine storm by clinicians will significantly enhance the fight against the dreaded COVID-19 disease.

/pdf/attenuating-the-effects-of-novel-covid-19-sars-cov-2-57vlkzn7yf.pdf

Attenuating the Effects of Novel COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection-Induced Cytokine Storm and the Implications

Copper mining generates large quantities of waste, tailings, and acid outflows causing long-term environmental impacts and potential threats to human health. Valea Sesei is the largest tailing impoundment in Romania, created by flooding the valley (known as Valea Sesei) of the Metalliferous Mountains (a division of the Apuseni Mountains) with copper mining waste. The present study (i) estimated the total volume of tailings in this area; (ii) screened the concentration of 65 elements (rare earth and platinum group elements, alkali metals and alkali earth metals, transition and post-transition metals and metalloids) and cyanide concentrations in wastewater samples collected from tailing impoundment; (iii) evaluated the toxicity of these water samples using five in vitro bioassays employing human cells isolated from healthy donors and a short-term (1 h) exposure model. The sampled waters were highly acidic (pH 2.1–4.9) and had high electrical conductivity (280–1561 mS cm−1). No cyanides were detected in any sample. Water samples collected from the stream (AMD) inflowing to the tailing impoundment were characterized by the greatest concentrations of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition and post-transition metals, metalloids, rare earth elements, and noble metal group. At other sites, the elemental concentrations were lower but remained high enough to pose a relevant risk. The greatest magnitude of in vitro toxic effects was induced by AMD. Observed alterations included redox imbalance in human neutrophils followed by lipid peroxidation and decreased cell survival, significant aggregation of red blood cells, and increased prothrombin time. The study highlights that Valea Sesei is a large sink for toxic elements, posing environmental and health risks, and requiring action to prevent further release of chemicals and to initiate restoration of the area.

/pdf/the-chemistry-and-toxicity-of-discharge-waters-from-copper-5ckos396ux.pdf

The chemistry and toxicity of discharge waters from copper mine tailing impoundment in the valley of the Apuseni Mountains in Romania

This study is designed to investigate in vitro low-level laser (LLL) effects on rheological parameter, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), of human blood. The interaction mechanism between LLL radiation and blood is unclear. Therefore, research addresses the effects of LLL irradiation on human blood and this is essential to understanding how laser radiation interacts with biological cells and tissues. The blood samples were collected through venipuncture into EDTA-containing tubes as an anticoagulant. Each sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as a non-irradiated sample (control) and an irradiated sample. The aliquot was subjected to doses of 36, 54, 72 and 90 J/cm(2) with wavelengths of 405, 589 and 780 nm, with a radiation source at a fixed power density of 30 mW/cm(2). The ESR and red blood cell count and volume are measured after laser irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated samples. The maximum reduction in ESR is observed with radiation dose 72 J/cm(2) delivered with a 405-nm wavelength laser beam. Moreover, no hemolysis is observed under these irradiation conditions. In a separate protocol, ESR of separated RBCs re-suspended in irradiated plasma (7.6 ± 2.3 mm/h) is found to be significantly lower (by 51 %) than their counterpart re-suspended in non-irradiated plasma (15.0 ± 3.7 mm/h). These results indicate that ESR reduction is mainly due to the effects of LLL on the plasma composition that ultimately affect whole blood ESR.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of human blood exposed to low-level laser

The goal of this research was to study the widely used criteria in Iraq and the suggested criteria from the American association of physics in medicine (AAPM). The breast cancer patients treated at Al-Andalus private hospital underwent a CT simulation. The data were exported to Monaco 5.1 treatment planning system for planning purposes using the intensity-modulated radiation therapy technique with X-ray energies of 6 or 10 MV. The planning was transferred to Agility linear accelerator for irradiation to Octavius-4D phantom detector for pre-treatment verification. The results show that there is no significant difference between the prescribed and measured point dose. In addition, the dose difference is acceptable and there was no significant correlation between the dose error and the result of gamma passing rates for all criteria. A high significant difference appeared between the 3%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm criteria for both local and global gamma passing rates at the two studied thresholds 5% and 10%. All the values of 10% thresholds were highly significant than 5% in local %GP but not significant for the global %GP. The number of segments and the total number of monitor units show an inverse relationship with gamma passing rates. The results clearly show that criteria and thresholds depend on the situation and health of the patient. This means the criteria are to be set at 3%/2 mm for plans which use high doses to organs at risk, while 3%/3 mm may be used for simpler plans with lower doses to organs at risk.

Dosimetric assessment of IMRT treatment planning for unilateral breast cancer patient using Octavius phantom detector

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of low-level laser (LLL) doses on human red blood cell volume. The effects of exposure to a diode pump solid state (DPSS) (λ = 405 nm) laser were observed. Background data: The response of human blood to LLL irradiation gives important information about the mechanism of interaction of laser light with living organisms. Materials and methods Blood samples were collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing tubes, and each sample was divided into two equal aliquots, one to serve as control and the other for irradiation. The aliquot was subjected to laser irradiation for 20, 30, 40, or 50 min at a fixed power density of 0.03 W/cm2. Mean cell volume (MCV) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were measured immediately after irradiation using a computerized hemtoanalyzer. Results: Significant decrease in RBC volume (p < 0.05, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.05, respectively) was induced with variation in laser doses.The highe...

/pdf/in-vitro-mean-red-blood-cell-volume-change-induced-by-diode-4tbynxik2j.pdf

In Vitro Mean Red Blood Cell Volume Change Induced by Diode Pump Solid State Low-Level Laser of 405 nm

In the present study, the activity concentrations of long-lived gamma-ray emitters (238U, 232Th and 40K) in ten different types of frozen red meat samples selected from markets in Iraq were measured. The technique of gamma spectrometer equipped with scintillation detector NaI (Tl) was used. The annual effective dose was estimated in adults and kids. The results showed that the concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K were found in the range of permissible limits of 30, 32 and 400 Bq kg−1, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum values of 238U and 232Th in beef samples are higher than in lamb meat samples. The annual effective dose of adults and kids was observed to be below the limit (1.0 mSv) recommended by ICRP. The frozen red meat samples are safe for human consumption and have gamma-ray emitter concentrations lower than the maximum permissible levels.

Natural radioactivity measurements of frozen red meat samples consumed in Iraq

The study of the effects of low-level laser (LLL) radiation on blood is important for elucidating the mechanisms behind the interaction of LLL radiation and biologic tissues. Different therapy methods that involve blood irradiation have been developed and used for clinical purposes with beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different irradiation protocols using a diode-pumped solid-state LLL (λ = 405 nm) on samples of human blood by measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Human blood samples were obtained through venipuncture into tubes containing EDTA as an anticoagulant. Every sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as an irradiated sample and a non-irradiated control sample. The irradiated aliquot was subjected to a laser beam with a wavelength of 405 nm and an energy density of 72 J/cm2. The radiation source had a fixed irradiance of 30 mW/cm2. The ESR change was observed for three different experimental protocols: irradiated whole blood, irradiated red blood cells (RBCs) samples re-suspended in non-irradiated blood plasma, and non-irradiated RBCs re-suspended in irradiated blood plasma. The ESR values were measured after laser irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated control samples. Irradiated blood plasma in which non-radiated RBCs were re-suspended was found to result in the largest ESR decrease for healthy human RBCs, 51%, when compared with RBCs re-suspended in non-irradiated blood plasma. The decrease in ESR induced by LLL irradiation of the plasma alone was likely related to changes in the plasma composition and an increase in the erythrocyte zeta potential upon re-suspension of the RBCs in the irradiated blood plasma.

Mustafa S. Al Musawi

Papers

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of human blood exposed to low-level laser

Dosimetric assessment of IMRT treatment planning for unilateral breast cancer patient using Octavius phantom detector

In Vitro Mean Red Blood Cell Volume Change Induced by Diode Pump Solid State Low-Level Laser of 405 nm

Natural radioactivity measurements of frozen red meat samples consumed in Iraq

Laser-induced changes of in vitro erythrocyte sedimentation rate