The State of Food and Agriculture

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https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1974.92.pdf

The Nature of Managerial Work

This introductory text on the design and analysis of sample surveys emphasizes the practical aspects of survey problems. It begins with brief chapters on the role of sample surveys in the modern world. Thereafter, each chapter introduces a sample survey design or estimation procedure by describing the pertinent practical problem. The authors describe the methodology proposed for solving the problem and provide the details of the estimation procedure, including a compact presentation of the formulas needed to complete the analysis. Then, a practical example is worked out in complete detail. At the end of each chapter, a wealth of exercises gives students ample opportunity to practice the techniques and stretch their grasp of ideas.

Elementary Survey Sampling

Deliberate self-harm is a major problem in the developing world, responsible for around 600 000 deaths in 1990. The toxicity of available poisons and paucity of medical services ensure that mortality from self-poisoning is far greater in the tropics than in the industrialized world. Few data are available on the poisons most commonly used for self-harm in different parts of the world. This paper reviews the literature on poisoning, to identify the important poisons used for self-harm in these regions. Pesticides are the most important poison throughout the tropics, being both common and associated with a high mortality rate. In some regions, particular pesticides have become the most popular method of self-harm, gaining a notoriety amongst both health-care workers and public. Self-poisoning with medicines such as benzodiazepines and antidepressants is common in urban areas, but associated with few deaths. The antimalarial chloroquine appears the most significant medicine, self-poisoning being common in both Africa and the Pacific region, and often fatal. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is used in many countries but in few has it reached the popularity typical of the UK. Domestic and industrial chemicals are responsible for significant numbers of deaths and long-term disabilities world-wide. Self-poisoning with plant parts, although uncommon globally, is locally popular in some regions. Few of these poisons have specific antidotes. This emphasizes the importance of determining whether interventions aimed at reducing poison absorption actually produce a clinical benefit, reducing death and complication rates. Future research to improve medical management and find effective ways of reducing the incidence of self-harm, together with more widespread provision of interventions proven to be effective, could rapidly reduce the number of deaths from self-poisoning in the developing world.

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Patterns and problems of deliberate self‐poisoning in the developing world

Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries

email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. 3 This document is founded on research, conceptual development, observations of practice and relevant community home-based care literature. The people who played an important role in informing this work and who were responsible for the development of this document include: The conceptual frameworks for policy development in the first two sections of this document are based upon the work by Jenny Brodsky, Jack Habib and Ilana Mizrahi at the Brookdale Institute, Israel on long-term care laws in industrialized countries. STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS The members of the Steering Committee were responsible for reviewing and critiquing this document at intervals during its development. Their vast experience in CHBC and their willingness to critique this document provided guidance and support to the author. We acknowledge the role of the research respondents in Botswana, Kenya, Haiti, Cambodia and Thailand. This document would not have been possible without their willingness to share their experiences in CHBC. These respondents took time to talk with the researchers although most had poor living conditions and overwhelming caregiving responsibilities.

Community home-based care in resource-limited settings a framework for action

A study conducted in a rural agricultural community (Githunguri location) in Kenya between 1987 and 1990 investigated the extent of use of agrochemicals, especially pesticides, by the farmers ; their level of awareness of the dangers posed by these chemicals and their attitudes towards agricultural chemicals in general. The findings showed that more than 95% of the farmers used pesticides extensively. More women than men were found to be at risk of agrochemicals exposure, while babies and children were at more risk of agrochemicals exposure than the women. In this community, knowledge and awareness regarding safety in handling and storage of agrochemicals was to some extent limited. For instance, many had no knowledge of an antidote in case of accidental poisoning. Additionally, suicidal attempts by ingestion of agrochemicals was prevalent. Improper handling of the agrochemicals by the community members was implicated to have adverse health effects. These health effects were reported in form of complaints. They ranged from acute to chronic conditions. Consequently, an intervention programme was launched with the women as the key players. It is envisaged that community participation in the on going intervention programme is saving babies, children, women and the community at large from agrochemicals hazards.

Agrochemicals exposure and health implications in Githunguri location, Kenya.

ObjectiveTo establish the operational feasibility and effectiveness of using locally available foods to prevent malnutrition and improve child growth in Kenyan children.DesignQuasi-experimental design with an intervention group of children in all villages in one region and a non-intervention group of children in all villages in an adjacent region. The intervention was the distribution of a monthly food ration for the index child, a separate family ration, and group education on appropriate complementary feeding and hygiene.SettingRural villages in the arid lands of eastern Kenya with a high prevalence of child malnutrition.SubjectsAll children in the target villages aged 6–20 months with weight-for-length Z-score (WHZ) greater than −2 at baseline.ResultsChildren in the intervention and non-intervention groups had similar baseline anthropometric measures. The caregivers in the intervention group confirmed that the intended amounts of food supplements were received and child nutrient intake improved. During the 7-month intervention period there were significant group differences in pre–post Z-score changes between the intervention and non-intervention groups for weight-for-age (0·82, P < 0·001) and weight-for-height (1·19, P < 0·001), but not for height-for-age (−0·20, P = 0·09), after adjusting for multiple covariates. Compared with the non-intervention group, the intervention group had a lower prevalence of wasting (0 % v. 8·9 %, P = 0·0002) and underweight (6·3 % v. 23·0 %, P < 0·0001). Infectious morbidity was similar in both groups.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the distribution of locally available foods is operationally feasible and improves child weight gain and decreases acute malnutrition in Kenyan children.

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Feasibility and effectiveness of supplementation with locally available foods in prevention of child malnutrition in Kenya.

Health-care systems need strong leadership if they are to be sustainable and responsive to the health needs of the future. There is little empirical and theoretical literature about how medical man...

A qualitative and quantitative study of medical leadership and management: experiences, competencies, and development needs of doctor managers in the United Kingdom

Role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in mitigation of stigma and discrimination among hiv/aids persons in Kibera, Kenya

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Mutuku A. Mwanthi

Papers

Community home-based care in resource-limited settings a framework for action

Agrochemicals exposure and health implications in Githunguri location, Kenya.

Feasibility and effectiveness of supplementation with locally available foods in prevention of child malnutrition in Kenya.

A qualitative and quantitative study of medical leadership and management: experiences, competencies, and development needs of doctor managers in the United Kingdom

Role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in mitigation of stigma and discrimination among HIV/AIDS persons in Kibera, Kenya.