This manual is intended to give direction, relevant information, and design details related to water treatment plants. Topics include objectives of water treatment, general design considerations, types of plants, aeration, rapid mixing and flocculation, sedimentation, solids content process, filtration, chlorination and disinfection, taste and odor control, lime-soda ash softening, ion exchange, iron and manganese removal, chemicals and chemical handling, instrumentation and control, and miscellaneous design details. This manual will be of interest to both practitioners and researchers designing water treatment plants.

Water Treatment Plant Design

Metal mesh-based special wettability materials for oil-water separation: A review of the recent development

An activated carbon (PCAC) with good adsorption potential for organic pollutants including nitrophenols, chlorophenol, bisphenol and monocrotophos was obtained from palm shell using a combination of chemical (Sulphuric acid, persulfate mixture) and thermal (900 °C) activation techniques. The prepared PCAC was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Zeta potential and Boehm titration measurements in terms of structural and surface characteristics. PCAC was observed to be endowed with a micro/mesoporous structure and was amorphous with a surface area of 770 m2g−1. Batch adsorption tests indicated that the PCAC exhibited a high adsorption capacity for all the adsorbates under study. The adsorption data fitted very well with Langmuir isotherm model and with pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the uptake was spontaneous. The adsorption was unaffected by increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous solution and could be efficiently performed at 0.5 N NaCl medium. Additionally, PCAC was easily regenerated with methanol and could be reused at least three times. The adsorption could be the result of several interactions including van der waals forces, electrostatic interaction, H bonding and π-π interactions. Thus, PCAC endowed with micro/mesoporous structure could function as an efficient adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of organic pollutants from aqueous samples.

Efficient removal of organic pollutants with activated carbon derived from palm shell: Spectroscopic characterisation and experimental optimisation

With the enhancement of public awareness of environmental protection, the harm of oily sludge has gradually been paid attention to. As a kind of dangerous solid waste, the arbitrary disposal of oily sludge will cause quite serious harm to both the environment and human beings. Research on the treatment methods of oily sludge has become a hot spot recently. At present, treatment methods of oily sludge are various, mainly including pyrolysis, direct combustion, freeze-thaw treatment, biological treatment, solvent extraction, thermochemical cleaning, ultrasound-assisted treatment or joint technology, etc. Based on the consideration of economic benefits, social benefits and treatment difficulties, pyrolysis has been considered to be the most appropriate method for oily sludge treatment. Syngas, liquid oil and char can be obtained from pyrolysis of oily sludge, which can meet different needs. In this paper, the pyrolysis technology of oily sludge is reported in detail, including pyrolysis methods, operational parameters and pyrolysis products of oily sludge. On the basis, the advantages and limitations of oily sludge pyrolysis technology are discussed, together with the report of feasibility of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge. Moreover, the development trend of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge is prospected for the future work.

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Application and development of pyrolysis technology in petroleum oily sludge treatment

Oily sludge contains high concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals, which seriously impact the environment and human health. How to dispose of and use the oily sludge has attracted an increasing amount of attention. This study introduces harmless and resource-based oily sludge treatment technologies. It summarizes the technologies from various aspects, such as the process principle, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages, and analyzes and summarizes the status quo of the development of the technologies. In comparison, the direction of processing technology development is discussed to provide reference for processing technology improvements, optimization, and efficiency improvements.

A review of the application of different treatment processes for oily sludge.

Baiji oil refineries produce 3000–3500 m3/year of oily sludge. This sludge is hard to be biodegraded, contains large quantities of crude oil, and hard to be transported into landfill sites. The aim...

Treatment of oily sludge using solvent extraction

Baiji oil refineries produce 3000–3500 m3/year of oily sludge which is hard to be biodegraded, contains large quantities of crude oil, and hard to be transported into landfill sites. The aim of the...

Treatment of oily sludge produced from Baiji oil refineries using surfactants

The aim of the present study is to remove Phenol and Parachlorophenol from synthetic wastewater using prepared activated carbon from agricultural wastes (rice husk, (RH) date stones, (DS) and palm fronds, (PF)) utilizing chemical and physical activation methods. Three principal operating parameters have been considered which are activation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio. The results showed that the activated carbon prepared from rice husk by chemical method at a temperature of 700 C, activation time of 3 hours, and impregnation ratio of 3: 1 gives highest removal of phenol and Parachlorophenol. The results also showed that the activated carbon prepared by physical method from rice husk gives higher removal efficiency for phenol and Parachlorophenol than that of activated carbon prepared from date stones and palm fronds. The results also showed that the rate of removal of Phenol and Parachlorophenol increases with the increase of activation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio. The highest removal of phenol and Parachlorophenol are (84.38% and 94.65%) respectively. Application of the most prominent adsorption models shows acceptable agreement with Langmuir and Temkin models. Maximum adsorption capacity for the prepared activated carbon is found to be 39 mg/g and 38.82 mg/g for Phenol, 44.64 mg/g and 44.94 mg/g for Parachlorophenol respectively.

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Removal of Phenol and Parachlorophenol from Synthetic Wastewater Using Prepared Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes

The unit of permeability is Darcy, md, or unit of area. The symbol used to represent it is k, and the symbol K is used to represent mobility. Many references including some textbooks in soil mechanics contain confusion between these two terms, that is, hydraulic permeability K is used to refer to permeability k. In these books the term hydraulic permeability or coefficient of permeability is used to refer to mobility. Moreover, the symbols k and K are used in a contrary manner. Also, there is an error in the unit of hydraulic permeability. This work is a trial to clarify and correct this error.

A Discussion About Hydraulic Permeability and Permeability

Adsorption column is used to perform the adsorption experiments of this work using continuous scheme. The operating parameters investigated in this work are; inlet pollutant concentration (10, 30, & 50 mg/L), Liquid hourly space velocity (5, 10, & 15 h−1), and thickness of activated carbon layer (5, 15, & 25 cm). The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of removing high phenol concentration from a synthetic wastewater since the nearby North Refineries Company, Baiji, (Iraq) wastewater treatment plant receives high phenol concentration. Moreover, to investigate the effects of various operating parameters on the adsorption capacity, breakthrough, and exhaustion times. The results of this work show that activated carbon can remove high concentration of phenol (up to 50 mg/L) efficiently. The results also indicated that the adsorption capacity depends on inlet pollutant concentration, activated carbon thickness, and liquid hourly space velocity. Actual adsorption capacity is calculated and found to be different from adsorption capacity found depending on the adsorption models. The lowest and highest adsorption capacities are 0.428 and 9.02 mg/g respectively, while the corresponding values for actual adsorption capacities are 0.216 and 32.4 mg/g.

Muzher Mahdi Ibrahem AL-Doury

Papers

Treatment of oily sludge using solvent extraction

Treatment of oily sludge produced from Baiji oil refineries using surfactants

Removal of Phenol and Parachlorophenol from Synthetic Wastewater Using Prepared Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes

A Discussion About Hydraulic Permeability and Permeability

Phenol Removal From Synthetic Wastewater by Adsorption Column