http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/2320.pdf

On the origin of strain hardening in glassy polymers

The general nature of fracture in polymers, when subject to alternating loads as distinct from static or steadily increasing loads, is reviewed; and the molecular mechanisms and micromechanics aspects of the fatigue fracture process are discussed. Some attention is given to thermal fatigue, where fracture results primarily from a large specimen temperature rise due to hysteresis heating. However, primary emphasis is devoted to mechanical fatigue, in which fracture is a result of initiation and propagation of a crack, as a result of the periodic nature of the applied load.

Fatigue of polymers

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/2695.pdf

Localisation phenomena in glassy polymers: influence of thermal and mechanical history

Whereas thin films of some polymers such as polystyrene readily form crazes when strained in tension, thin films of other polymers such as polycarbonate rarely exhibit crazing under the same testing conditions; the polymers that rarely craze tend to form regions of shear deformation instead. Polymers such as polystyrene-acrylonitrile which lie between these two extremes of behaviour may exhibit both modes of deformation. Thin films suitable for optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of six such co-polymers and polymer blends have been prepared. After straining, the nature of the competition between shear deformation and crazing is examined by TEM. It is found that in these polymers many crazes have tips which are blunted by shear deformation. This process leads to stress relaxation at the craze tip, preventing further tip advance. In this way short, but broad, cigar-shaped crazes are formed. Examination of the deformation at crack tips in the same polymers shows more complex structures, the initial high stress levels lead to chain scission and fibrillation but as the stress drops, shear becomes the dominant mechanism of deformation and the stress is relieved further. Finally, at long times under stress, chain disentanglement may become important leading to fibrillation and craze formation again. The nature of the competition is thus seen to be both stress and time dependent. Physical ageing of these polymers, via annealing below Tg, suppresses shear leading to the generation of more simple craze structures.

The competition between shear deformation and crazing in glassy polymers

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/2194.pdf

N.J. Mills

Papers

Craze growth and crack growth in poly(vinyl chloride) under monotonic and fatigue loading

Post yield phenomena in tensile tests on poly(vinyl chloride)