The science behind lutein

Yarrowia lipolytica has been developed as a production host for a large variety of biotechnological applications. Efficacy and safety studies have demonstrated the safe use of Yarrowia-derived products containing significant proportions of Yarrowia biomass (as for DuPont's eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil) or with the yeast itself as the final product (as for British Petroleum's single-cell protein product). The natural occurrence of the species in food, particularly cheese, other dairy products and meat, is a further argument supporting its safety. The species causes rare opportunistic infections in severely immunocompromised or otherwise seriously ill people with other underlying diseases or conditions. The infections can be treated effectively by the use of regular antifungal drugs, and in some cases even disappeared spontaneously. Based on our assessment, we conclude that Y. lipolytica is a "safe-to-use" organism.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/1040841X.2013.770386

Yarrowia lipolytica: safety assessment of an oleaginous yeast with a great industrial potential.

A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and carotenoid database with information on α- and β-carotene, lutein, lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin was prepared and used to compare the carotenoid intakes in five European countries: UK, Republic of Ireland, Spain, France and The Netherlands. Eighty, age- (25-45 years) and sex-matched volunteers were recruited in each of the five countries. A FFQ and carotenoid database was prepared of the most commonly consumed carotenoid rich foods in the participating countries and the information was used to calculate frequency and intake of carotenoid-rich foods. The median total carotenoid intake based on the sum of the five carotenoids, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in France (16.1 mg/day) and lower in Spain (9.5 mg/day), than the other countries, where the average intake was approximately 14 mg/day. Comparison of dietary source of carotenoids showed that carrots were the major source of β-carotene in all countries except Spain where spinach was most important. Likewise, carrots were also the main source of α-carotene. Tomato or tomato products, were the major source of lycopene. Lutein was mainly obtained from peas in Republic of Ireland and the UK, however, spinach was found to be the major source in other countries. In all countries, β-cryptoxanthin was primarily obtained from citrus fruit. Comparing the data with that from specific European country studies suggests that the FFQ and carotenoid database described in the present paper can be used for comparative dietary intake studies within Europe. The results show that within Europe there are differences in the specific intake of some carotenoids which are related to different foods consumed by people in different countries. Chemicals/CAS: Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; beta Carotene, 7235-40-7; Carotenoids, 36-88-4; cryptoxanthin, 472-70-8; Lutein, 127-40-2; lycopene, 502-65-8; Xanthophylls

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A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study.

Metal-related oxidative stress in birds.

The availability of soyabean meal for animal feed use in Asia and the Pacific is low. The potential usefulness of a wide variety of protein-rich plant materials which could replace soyabean meal in...

Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. II. Plant protein sources

An experiment is described in which extracted Algerian rapeseed meal was included at levels of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20% in the diet of two hybrid strains of caged laying hens.



The rapeseed meal was thyrotoxic and this effect, when assessed by thyroid weight per kg of body weight, was more marked for the light-weight hybrid than for the medium-weight hybrid birds.



The light-weight hybrids exhibited a high mortality when fed rapeseed meal at a level of 8 % or above in the diet but inclusion of rapeseed meal did not cause increased mortality in the medium-weight hybrids.



The medium-weight hybrids gave satisfactory egg production when fed up to 16% of dietary rapeseed meal; food conversion efficiency was best with 8% of dietary rapeseed meal, and metabolisable energy conversion (Meal/kg eggs) and the efficiency of utilisation of protein were, satisfactory at all levels of rapeseed meal inclusion. The rapeseed meal used had a standard metabolisable energy content of 1820 kcal/kg at a dry matter content of 89 %.

Toxicity of rapeseed meal and its use as a protein supplement in the diet of two hybrid strains of caged laying hens

1. Two experiments are reported. In both experiments a cereal-based diet containing 5 mg copper/kg was fed to two breeds of laying hens for 336 d. In Expt 1 four other groups were given this diet with the addition of CuSO4.5H2O to give added levels of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg Cu/kg diet. In Expt 2 the levels of added dietary Cu used were 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg. 2. In Expt 1 records were kept of food intake, water intake, body-weight and egg production for eight 28 d periods and body-weight and egg number only were recorded for the full twelve periods. In Expt 2 full records, excluding water intake, were taken for all twelve periods. 3. Food and water intake showed a quadratic response to level of added dietary Cu, being enhanced at lower levels and depressed at higher levels of addition. 4. There was a quadratic response of total egg weight, mean egg weight and egg number to added dietary Cu. In Expt 1 egg number was maximum at 235 mg added Cu/kg diet for Warren Studler SSL (breed 1) and at 170 mg added Cu/kg diet for Shaver 288 (breed 2). In Expt 2 no breed effect occurred, the maximum egg number being calculated to occur at 176 mg added Cu/kg diet. 5. Depression of body-weight gain occurred at high levels of Cu addition. The depression of liver and oviduct weight found at high levels of addition appeared to be directly related to body-weight. A marked amount of feather loss also occurred at a high inclusion of CuSO4 in the diet. 6. The reproductive systems of the hens did not appear to be adversely affected at the levels of additive used. Gross and microscopic examination of specific tissues revealed no pathological effects although gizzard and intestinal weights were increased and caecal weight decreased by high levels of added Cu. THose aspects of the blood chemistry examined did not reveal any consistent effect between the two experiments. 7. The liver Cu analyses indicate that between 600 and 800 mg added Cu/kg diet the liver Cu concentration rises sharply. Both liver Fe and Zn concentrations showed a positive linear response to added dietary Cu. In the kidney Cu and Zn concentrations were increased but only to a limited extent, while the concentration of Fe was unaffected.

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Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content.

1. The experiment lasted for seven 28‐d periods. Laying hens of two breeds were allocated to 10 treatments. For the first 28‐d period all birds were offered the control diet and then the following dietary treatments applied: a control group not moulted, one group moulted traditionally, 4 groups moulted using CuSO4‐ and 4 using ZnO‐containing diets. After the moulting treatments the hens were offered the control diet for the remainder of period 2 and for a further five 28‐d periods. 2. The treatments applied during period 2 significantly reduced food intake, body weight, egg number, total egg weight and efficiency of food conversion. On returning to the control diet, there were no significant differences in cumulative food intake (periods 3 to 7). Body weight had returned to the same value as the control group by the end of period 3. Dietary treatments significantly reduced the efficiency of food utilisation during periods 3 to 7 and 1 to 7 inclusive. 3. For periods 1 to 7 inclusive the birds forc...

Comparison of dietary hydrated copper sulphate, dietary zinc oxide and a direct method for inducing a moult in laying hens

These investigations were carried out to determine whether the effects of feeding CuSO4-supplemented diets on metabolism in the laying hen were due directly to the dietary CuSO4 content or indirectly to the effects of CuSO4 on food consumption. In experiment 1, 144 hens were given CuSO4-supplemented diets ad libitum for 48 d. Food consumption decreased as the dietary CuSO4 content increased and this was associated with decreases in blood plasma lipid, 17 beta-oestradiol and liver lipid concentrations and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities. In experiment 2, 60 laying hens were subjected to three dietary regimens in an attempt to differentiate between the effects of reduced food consumption and dietary CuSO4 per se. Control and CuSO4-supplemented diets were fed ad libitum, or the CuSO4-containing diets were force-fed to the same intake as the ad libitum control diet, or the control diet was pair-fed to the same intakes as the CuSO4-supplemented diets. Liver lipid concentrations were significantly decreased in the ad libitum and pair-fed groups at the lowest intake. Plasma 17 beta-oestradiol concentration was decreased in ad libitum and force-fed birds given diets with 1,000 mg added Cu/kg. Lipogenic enzyme activities were reduced in the ad libitum and pair-fed groups and increased in the force-fed birds. The results indicate that CuSO4 per se directly affected circulating 17 beta-oestradiol, and hence reproductive physiology, and that the quantity of food consumed influenced the rate of hepatic lipogenesis.

The effects of dietary intake and of dietary concentration of copper sulphate on the laying domestic fowl: effects on some aspects of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.

In each of two experiments, 600 male broiler chicks (Ross 1) were randomised into 24 groups each containing 25 birds. From the age of seven days they were given one of six experimental diets. These were a control diet having ground wheat as the main cereal source and five other diets in which mainly the wheat was replaced by increasing amounts (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 g kg−1 diet) of dried cassava root meal. Neither body weight nor food intake were significantly affected in either experiment by the inclusion of dried cassava root meal at levels up to 500 g kg−1. Food conversion efficiency was unaffected by dietary treatment except in experiment 1 after 4 weeks, when the diet with 100 g cassava meal kg−1 resulted in a better food conversion efficiency than in the case of the other dietary treatments. The carcass and abdominal fat weights and the chemical composition of the carcasses were unaffected by dietary treatment. In the caecal contents the proportion of acetic acid was increased and that of propionic and valeric acids reduced by the inclusion of dried cassava root meal. The moisture content of the litter was not significantly affected by the presence of cassava root meal although the litter became wet and sticky in the groups given the two highest levels of cassava root meal in Experiment 1. For this reason, the maximum recommended level of inclusion of dried cassava root meal in broiler diets is 30%.

N. Jackson

Papers

Toxicity of rapeseed meal and its use as a protein supplement in the diet of two hybrid strains of caged laying hens

Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content.

Comparison of dietary hydrated copper sulphate, dietary zinc oxide and a direct method for inducing a moult in laying hens

The effects of dietary intake and of dietary concentration of copper sulphate on the laying domestic fowl: effects on some aspects of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.

The nutritional value of dried cassava root meal in broiler diets