The carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) based hybrid polymer (HPe) system with different ratio of composition have been prepared via solution casting. The features of interaction between CMC and PVA were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to disclose the reduction of crystallinity of the HPe system. Morphological properties observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the homogeneity of the HPe system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result explains the miscibility of the HPe system which was confirmed by means of variations in the glass transition temperature (Tg). Two degradation mechanisms were revealed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the HPe system attributed to the decarboxylation in CMC and degradation of bond scission in PVA backbone. The blend of 80:20 compositions of CMC/PVA HPe system was found to be the optimum ratio with an increase in conductivity of CMC/PVA by one magnitude order from 10−7 to 10−6 S/cm with the lowest in crystallinity.

Reducing crystallinity on thin film based CMC/PVA hybrid polymer for application as a host in polymer electrolytes

Structural, thermal, optical and conductivity studies of Co/ZnO nanoparticles doped CMC polymer for solid state battery applications

There is a growing demand for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) fabricated with environmentally-friendly materials to transition toward a more sustainable society based on a circular economy. Battery separator, typically a porous petroleum-polymer, plays a pivotal role as it serves to efficiently transfer ions between electrodes while preventing electrical short-circuits. To reduce our dependence on fossil resources, cellulose and its derivatives are being used as sustainable battery separators thanks to its easily controllable porosity, suitable mechanical and thermal properties, non-toxicity and inherent hydrophilicity. Here we first present the structure, physico-chemical properties and various types of cellulose derivatives, as well as the different manufacturing approaches to obtain porous cellulose membranes. Further, the most recent developments in the field of cellulose and its derivates for lithium ion battery separators and solid polymer electrolytes are discussed. Finally, the main issues and properties to be improved in the near future concerning cellulosic separators are shown.

Cellulose and its derivatives for lithium ion battery separators: A review on the processing methods and properties

Studies on ionics conduction properties of modification CMC-PVA based polymer blend electrolytes via impedance approach

The present work was carried out to investigate the abnormal trend of electrochemical properties of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system-based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-doped NH4Cl. The SBEs system was prepared via solution casting technique and analyzed through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Complexation was observed with the changes of peaks at 1065 cm−1, 1598 cm−1, 2912 cm−1, and 3396 cm−1 that corresponds to C–O–C, C=O of COO− stretching, C–H stretching, and O–H stretching, respectively, of CMC/PVA blend system upon the addition of NH4Cl. The decrease of the amorphousness and the increase of weight loss demonstrated the abnormal observation of the ionic conductivity when (1–5 wt%) NH4Cl was added in the SBEs system which was lower than the un-doped SBEs system. It was also observed that the highest ionic conductivity at 8.86 × 10−5 Scm−1 was achieved by the sample containing 6 wt% of NH4Cl. The temperature dependence of the SBEs system is found to be governed by the Arrhenius rule. Through the IR deconvolution technique, the conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl SBEs system was shown to be primarily influenced by the ionic mobility and diffusion coefficient of the ions.

/pdf/an-investigation-on-the-abnormal-trend-of-the-conductivity-205fhkfxa4.pdf

An investigation on the abnormal trend of the conductivity properties of CMC/PVA-doped NH4Cl-based solid biopolymer electrolyte system

CMC-NH4CH3CO2 complexes were characterized via theoretical and experimental approaches using molecular dynamics (MD) calculation, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. These analyses successfully disclosed the structural and ion conduction properties of the bio-polymer electrolytes (BPE) system. The FTIR analysis further revealed that an interaction exists between the carboxylate anion group (COO–) from CMC and the H+ substructure of NH4CH3CO2. The ionic conductivity value at ambient temperature was found to achieve an optimum value of 5.07× 10–6 S/cm for a system containing 10 wt% NH4CH3CO2. The ionic conductivity improvement was demonstrated via the increment on the amorphous phase of the BPEs system as shown in the XRD analysis upon the inclusion of NH4CH3CO2. Based on the IR-deconvolution approach, the mobility (µ) and diffusion coefficient (D) were found to influence the ionic conductivity and aligned with the theoretical molecular dynamic (MD) calculation. To evaluate the potential application of the CMC-NH4CH3CO2, an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated from the BPE and tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge-discharge (GCD) for 300 cycles and the BPE exhibited a specific of capacitance~ 2.4 F/g.

Ionic transport studies of solid bio-polymer electrolytes based on carboxymethyl cellulose doped with ammonium acetate and its potential application as an electrical double layer capacitor

The characterization of biopolymer-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) has been carried out in this present work. Cellulose derivative was chosen due to its superior physical attributes. In this work, NH4Br-doped glycerol plasticized carboxyl methylcellulose-based SPEs were successfully prepared via the solution casting method. The conductivity and dielectric properties of the prepared films were investigated using the impedance analysis which presented ~1.91×10-3 Scm-1 (with addition of 6 wt% of glycerol). In addition, the studied SPE system shows a non-Debye behaviour without a single relaxation time. The findings of the research indicate that the complexes of NH4Br and glycerol in the cellulose derivative influence the ionic conductivity and dielectric properties of the SPE system.

/pdf/a-study-on-dielectric-properties-of-the-cellulose-derivative-4hq51fo51c.pdf

A Study on Dielectric Properties of The Cellulose Derivative-NH4Br-Glycerol- Based The Solid Polymer Electrolyte System

In this present work, solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system consists of the blended polymer namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) at different composition from 0 to 10 wt. % were successfully prepared by using casting technique. The electrical conductivity of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system was investigated by using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Electrical study shows the highest ionic conductivity in room temperature (303 K) was achieved at 8.86 × 10−5 Scm−1 for sample containing 6 wt. % of NH4Cl. The present system shown unexpected drop after different amount of NH4Cl (1-5 wt. %) were added into the CMC/PVA and its might attributed to the factor of composition of dopant. All SBEs systems were found to be obeys Arrhenius behaviour where the plots show close to unity (R2∼1) and thermally activated.

/pdf/irregularities-trend-in-electrical-conductivity-of-cmc-pva-56igpgu46o.pdf

Irregularities trend in electrical conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl based solid biopolymer electrolytes

This present study aims to investigate the electrical study of a solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) based on alginate doped with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The SBEs system has been successfully prepared via solution casting method. The electrical properties of SBEs system was characterized using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) under frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The optimum ionic conductivity at room temperature (303K) is achieved with 5.56 × 10−5 S cm-1 for sample containing 25 wt. % NH4NO3. The SBEs system was found to obey the Arrhenius behavior where all sample is thermally activated and close to unity R2∼1 with the increasing of temperature. The electrical properties of the alginate-NH4NO3 SBEs system was measured using complex permittivity (e*) and complex electrical modulus (M*) and the present system shows the non-Debye behavior.

Characterization on ionic conductivity of solid bio-polymer electrolytes system based alginate doped ammonium nitrate via impedance spectroscopy

The alginate doped with various content of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) has been carried out in this work by casting method using distilled water as solvent. The impedance studies of alginate-NH4NO3 SBEs film were determined via impedance spectroscopy. The lowest value of bulk resistance, Rb shows the maximum ionic conductivity is observed at 5.56 x 10-5 S cm-1 for sample containing with 25 wt. % NH4NO3 at ambient temperature (303K). The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity has been evaluated and confirm the present electrolytes follows Arrhenius behavior. The highest conducting sample was fabricated into electrical double layer and characterized for their electrochemical properties by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharged (GCD). The specific capacitance obtained from CV analysis shows decreasing pattern as increased the scan rate. While the value of specific capacitance calculated from GCD analysis exhibits almost persistent value up to 5000th cycles.

/pdf/ionic-conductivity-and-electrochemical-properties-of-23083jepjz.pdf

N. M. J. Rasali

Papers

Ionic transport studies of solid bio-polymer electrolytes based on carboxymethyl cellulose doped with ammonium acetate and its potential application as an electrical double layer capacitor

A Study on Dielectric Properties of The Cellulose Derivative-NH4Br-Glycerol- Based The Solid Polymer Electrolyte System

Irregularities trend in electrical conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl based solid biopolymer electrolytes

Characterization on ionic conductivity of solid bio-polymer electrolytes system based alginate doped ammonium nitrate via impedance spectroscopy

Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical Properties of Alginate–NN4NO3-Based Biopolymer Electrolytes for EDLC Application