Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of dietary protein level on the retention of nutrients, growth performance, litter composition and NH3 emission in broiler chickens kept under laboratory conditions (housed in cages, Exp.1) or in commercial conditions (in pens, Exp.2; or whole houses of a farm, Exp.3). All the trials were performed according to a factorial experimental design, involving a 4-stage feeding programme and two levels of dietary crude protein (CP) for each period: control vs. low crude protein (CP reduced by 1.5%). In Exp.1, the coefficients of total tract apparent retention of dry matter and CP were higher in the birds fed the low CP diet (p<0.05). On average, reducing the CP of the diet led to a 4.8% reduction in the nitrogen excreted per CP intake. In Exp.2, the feed conversion ratio was higher in birds fed the low CP diet from 22 to 35d (p<0.05), from 35 to 42d (p<0.01), and over the whole experimental period (p<0.01). In Exp.3, low CP diets decreased the nitrogen content of the litter in the finisher period (p<0.05). The average NH3 concentration and emission from 33 to 42d were lower in the low CP house (p<0.01), with a 16% decrease in the cumulative NH3 emission. Therefore, the reduction in dietary CP content by 1.5% reduced the potential environmental impact, although it had a negative effect on the feed efficiency of broilers.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4374896.pdf

Effect of dietary protein level on retention of nutrients, growth performance, litter composition and NH3 emission using a multi-phase feeding programme in broilers

Poultry production is an important livestock sector in Serbia. It accounts for about 12% of the total value of country's livestock production. Providing relatively cheap food of high quality it is ...

Improving the poultry sector in Serbia: major economic constraints and opportunities

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of turmeric powder supplementation to the age of sexual maturity, physical, and chemical quality of the first Japanese quail’s (Coturnix japonica) egg. Forty five quails were assigned into a completely randomized design with three treatments (levels of turmeric powder, i.e., 0; 54; and 108 mg/quail/day) and each treatment used 15 quails. Turmeric powder supplementation was conducted before sexual maturity. Feed and drinking water provided ad libitum. Observed egg is an egg that was first produced. Parameters measured were the age of sexual maturity, feed intake, body weight, physical qualities which include: weight of egg, long axis, short axis, weight and thickness of shell, yolk index, Haugh unit, egg shell index. Whereas the observed chemical quality were cholesterol, HDL, LDL, protein, vitamin B12, vitamin A in eggs and egg shell calcium levels. The results showed that administration of turmeric powder can accelerate the age of maturity, increasing the levels of protein, HDL, vitamin A and B12 in eggs, decreasing the cholesterol and LDL content in eggs, but did not affect feed intake, physical quality of eggs and egg shell calcium levels. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that supplementation of turmeric powder improve the chemical quality of Japanese quail eggs (Coturnix japonica), so it is good for the development of quail embryos as well as for consumption. How to Cite Saraswati, T. R., & Tana, S. (2016). Effect of Turmeric Powder Supplementation To The Age of Sexual Maturity, Physical, and Chemical Quality of The First Japanese Quail’s (Coturnix japonica) Egg. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education , 8(1), 18-24.

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Effect of turmeric powder supplementation to the age of sexual maturity, physical, and chemical quality of the first Japanese quail's (Coturnix japonica) egg.

The main aim of the animal production is to produce animal proteins of high
 value in a sustainable manner. However, sustainability is not easy to define.
 It is a complex phenomenon, which includes integration of economic, social,
 and environmental dimensions of the certain production, within a given
 socio-economic context. In this respect, poultry production meets first two
 dimensions - it provides affordable dietary item for consumers and profit for
 producers. It additionally generates up and downstream investment
 opportunities and it contributes to the development of the local economy.
 However, with the concentration of poultry production and increase in
 operation size, considerable environmental problems have occurred. During the
 last several decades, the environmental impact of the poultry production has
 received an ever-growing attention. Nowadays, producers are under heavy
 pressure, from different fronts, to minimize the impact of their production
 on the environment and to adopt welfare friendly practices. The major
 challenges, which will affect animal production in the future, will likely
 deal with the environment. In this paper, the environmental impact of poultry
 production and the differences in this respect between the different
 production systems are presented.

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The environmental impact of poultry production

Broilers are traditionally managed with feeding programs that often consist of three or four phases. In this study we investigated whether a multiphase feeding program (14 phases) of broilers based on the optimal mix of two feeds could replace a traditional four phase system while maintaining broiler performance. To evaluate this prposed program we measured variables of performance, carcass yield, and nitrogen excretion. In addition, we determined if the multiphase feeding program (14 phases) would be equally effective regardless of bird gender. A total of 480 day-old Cobb chicks were used, with an average weight of 44.74 ± 0.16 g (females) and 44.71 ± 0.11 g (males). The birds were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. Each treatment consisted of six replicates with 20 animals per experimental unit. Results were analyzed separately in two periods (1–21 and 22–42 days) as determined by slaughter date, as well as for the entire growth period (1–42 days). The multiphase program led to improvements in final body weight and average daily weight gain, in addition to an increase in breast yield.

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Multiphase feeding program for broilers can replace traditional system

In the last years Japanese quail (Conturnix coturnix japonica) is becoming more popular as a source of meat and eggs. Information on egg quality characteristics has been limited mostly to chicken eggs. The aim of this paper is to enhance the knowledge on the quality of quail eggs. In this study external and internal quality traits of quail eggs from three different commercial farms will be presented. For egg mass, shape index, shell thickness, shell mass no significant difference was found between farms. For yolk colour, yolk and albumen mass, statistically significant differences were found between the three farms. The difference in shell breaking strength between farms A and B was not significant and significant differences were found between eggs from farm C. Yolk, albumen and shell percentage were in the same relation as the mass of these parameters. The worst albumen quality was recorded in eggs from farm A. The parameters yolk colour, Haugh Unit and egg proportions (albumen, yolk and shell) do not differ between chicken and quail eggs. On the other hand, parameters which differ are egg mass (about five times smaller at quail eggs), shape index, shell breaking strength and shell thickness, which was to be expected. The external and internal egg quality traits of quail eggs from three farms in Serbia do not differ from the results of quality traits from other countries. On the other hand, this investigation contributes the development of science, because it includes some parameters, which have so far not been published in literature by other researchers from this area.

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Egg quality of Japanese quail in Serbia (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Multiphase broiler nutrition is important from the standpoint of nutrition optimization, economical efficiency of production and protection of the environment. Objective of research is to investigate the effect of multiphase nutiriton, i.e. different mixtures used in broiler nutrition, whse protein content has been reduced in several phases during first fattening stage, on production performances of broilers. Investigation was carried out on 608 individually tagged male chickens, Ross 308 strain, divided into 4 groups: T1 (control group) - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1-21 st day; T2 - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1 st to 7 th day, and from 7 th to 21 st day diet containing 21.5% protein; T3 - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1 st to 14 th day and from 14 th to 21 st day diet containing 21.5% protein and T4 - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1 st to 3 rd day, from 4-6 th day with 22.55% protein, 7-9 th day with 22.10% protein, 10-12 th day diet with 21.65% protein, 13 - 15 th day with 21.20% protein, 16-18 th day with 20.75% protein and 19 th -21 st day diet with 20.30% protein. Main production parameters were registered during the trial period (from 1 to 21 st day).Through processing of obtained data it ewas established that chickens of the T4 group (2092.42g), had realized statistically significantly higher body mass compared to T2 (2025.00g) and T3 (2020.07g), but not in relation to control group T1 (2055.16g), during trial period of 42 days. Also, it can be concluded that in regard to daily gain in period up to 21st day, no statistically significant differences between trial groups were established, however, for the entire trial period, average daily gain of chickens in T4 group (48.84g) was statistically considerably higher compared to T2 (47.24g) and T3 (47.13g), whereas in relation to T1 no differences were established T1 (47.99). Feed conversion differed between groups, precisely in favor of the application of multiphase broiler nutrition, i.e. feed conversion of the trial group T4 (1.870) was the best compared to T1 (1.918), T2 (2.005) and T3 (1.970). Based on obtained results it can be concluded that multiphase nutrition had effect on production performances, primarily level of food utilization.

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The effect of multiphase nutrition on production performances of broilers

The aim of this work was to present the production results of laying hens kept in different housing systems - conventional cages with different stocking densities, enriched cages or in houses with a range. The used hybrid was Shaver 579 (564 birds). The main production parameters were monitored: No. of laid eggs, laying percentage, mortality rate, feed intake, egg weight and number of culled eggs. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by t-test. Main production parameters in production of table eggs were significantly different depending on the housing system. The best results were realized in cage system with lower housing density, and the worst results in hens housed in floor system on free range.

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Results of egg production in different housing systems

Objective of the research was to investigate the effect of phase nutrition, i.e. different mixtures used in broiler nutrition with phase reduction of protein cotnent during starter period on production peformances of fattening chickens of diferent genotypes and on nitrogen content in faeces. Differences between groups (treatments) were in the type of mixtures use din starter period, and according to the following program: T1 (control group) - nutrition consisted of mixtures with 23% of proteins in duration from day 1 to 21; T2 - from day 1 to 14, mixture containing 23% of protein was used, and from day 14 to 21, mixture with 20% of proteins; T3 - from day 1 to 7, mixture was used containing 23% of protein and from day 7 to 21, mixture with 20% of proteins; T4 - nutrition with mixture containing 20% of proteins in duration from day 1 to 21. During the trial period (from day 1 to 21) production parameters were followed. Nitrogen content was determined in a collective faeces sample. Results showed that chickens of different genotypes expressed different sensitivity to protein restriction. Comparing the trial groups with the control in the third week, in chickens of Ross 308 provenience significantly lower body weight was registered only in chickens of T4 group with the highest protein reduction. In Cobb 500 chickens, significantly lower body weight was determined in T3 and T4 trial groups. In case of both hybrids, in T2 group, slightly lower body weight was established, but without statistically significant difference compared to the control. Feed conversion in both genotypes was the highest in T3 and T4 treatments. The program of phase nutrition resulted in decrease of the nitrogen content in faeces. Based on obtained data it can be concluded that applied nutrition treatments with drastic protein reduction during starter period in both genotypes had negative effect on production performances.

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The effect of phase nutrition during starter period on production performances and nitrogen content in feces of broilers of different genotypes

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of multi- phase feeding, i.e. the effect of different mash feeds with multi-phase protein reduction, on growth, main carcass parts and nitrogen content in faeces of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on 1216 chickens of Ross 308 provenience, separated by sex. The experiment lasted for 42 days and the standard technology was used. The groups differed in a type of a mash (treatment) given in the starter period, as follows: T1 (control group) was given a mash with 23% crude proteins from day 1 to day 21; T2 - a mash with 23% proteins from day 1 to day 7, followed by a mash with 21.5% proteins given from day 7 to day 21; T3 - a mash with 23% proteins from day 1 to day 14, followed by a mash with 21.5% proteins given from day 14 to day 21; T4 - mashes changed every three days, having 23%, 22.55%, 22.10%, 21.65% , 21.20%, 20.75% and 20.30% of crude proteins, respectively. Slaughtering performance was investigated on a total of 64 broiler chickens, with eight male and eight female chickens used separately for each of the treatments. Nitrogen content in faeces was determined using the pooled sample of faeces. The obtained results showed some differences in the average daily growth of the male and female chickens when comparing the control (T1) and the experimental groups. Those differences were not statistically significant. However, when comparing the male-only groups, it was determined that the experimental group T4 had statistically significantly higher growth than T2 and T3 group. The effect of the multi-phase feeding programme on the breast, thigh and drumstick share of both male and female broilers was not significant. The applied multi-phase feeding programmes resulted in a reduction in the nitrogen content in the faeces. Considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that the multi-phase feeding programmes had no negative effect on the growth and slaughtering performances

/pdf/effect-of-multi-phase-feeding-on-growth-main-carcass-parts-4cvkidl9pi.pdf

N. Tolimir

Papers

Egg quality of Japanese quail in Serbia (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The effect of multiphase nutrition on production performances of broilers

Results of egg production in different housing systems

The effect of phase nutrition during starter period on production performances and nitrogen content in feces of broilers of different genotypes

Effect of multi-phase feeding on growth, main carcass parts, and nitrogen content in faeces of broiler chickens.