The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students. By Prof. Louis Goodman and Prof. Alfred Gilman. Pp. xiii + 1383. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941.) 50s. net.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

In the last few decades, pharmaceuticals, credited with saving millions of lives, have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminant. These compounds can have both chronic and acute harmful effects on natural flora and fauna. The presence of pharmaceutical contaminants in ground waters, surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams), sea water, wastewater treatment plants (influents and effluents), soils, and sludges has been well doccumented. A range of methods including oxidation, photolysis, UV-degradation, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption has been used for their remediation from aqueous systems. Many methods have been commercially limited by toxic sludge generation, incomplete removal, high capital and operating costs, and the need for skilled operating and maintenance personnel. Adsorption technologies are a low-cost alternative, easily used in developing countries where there is a dearth of advanced technologies, skilled personnel, and available capital, and adsorption appears to be the most broadly feasible pharmaceutical removal method. Adsorption remediation methods are easily integrated with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Herein, we have reviewed the literature (1990-2018) illustrating the rising environmental pharmaceutical contamination concerns as well as remediation efforts emphasizing adsorption.

Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods.

Synthesis and characterization of alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal

The high rate of electron/hole pair recombination reduces the quantum yield of the processes with TiO2 and represents its major drawback. Adding a co-adsorbent increases the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2. In order to hybridize the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 with the adsorptivity of carbon nanotube, a composite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and titanium dioxide (MWCNT/TiO2) has been synthesized. The composite was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), and diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of this composite material was investigated by application of the composite for the degradation of methyl orange. It was observed that the composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with TiO2. The enhancement in photocatalytic performance of the MWCNT/TiO2 composite is explained in terms of recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. In addition, MWCNT acts as a dispersing agent preventing TiO2 from agglomerating activity during the catalytic process, providing a high catalytically active surface area. This work adds to the global discussion of how CNTs can enhance the efficiency of catalysts.

Photo-catalyzed degradation of hazardous dye methyl orange by use of a composite catalyst consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and titanium dioxide.

This book succeeds Review of Medical Pharmacology , by Meyers, Jawetz, and Goldfien. Edited by B. G. Katzung, some of the important areas covered include drug receptors and pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics of absorption and biotransformation of drugs, autonomic pharmacology of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor stimulants and antagonists, antihypertensive agents, cardiac glycosides and other agents used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, therapeutic drugs for cardiac arrhythmias, diuretics, pharmacology of the CNS drugs such as anticonvulsants and anesthetics, antidepressants, narcotic analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, endocrine pharmacology, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial drugs, antiprotozoal and antihelmintic drugs, cancer chemotherapy, and drugs and the immune system. Written by several prominent researchers and scientists, each chapter begins with a section on the basic pharmacology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the agents under discussion. This is followed by a section on clinical pharmacology, which deals with relevant information regarding the clinical use of drugs on the various

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/398815.pdf

Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review

Adsorption behavior of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) from aqueous solution on Duolite C-433: a synthetic resin

To purify a material and remove the excess impurities one should first recognize that whether they are actually present and what their nature is. In the past, this was not always done. But presently drug analysis and pharmaceutical impurities are the subjects of constant review in the public interest. The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines achieved a great deal in harmonizing the definitions of the impurities in new drug substances. It is necessary to perform all the investigations on appropriate reference standards of drug and impurities to get meaningful specifications. In order to meet the challenges to ensure high degree of purity of drug substances and drug products, a scheme is proposed for profiling drug impurity. Finally, analytical methods based on analytical instrumentation must be employed to quantitate drug substance and its impurities. Important aspects and suggestions related to drug analysis and pharmaceutical impurities are discussed.

The importance of impurity analysis in pharmaceutical products: an integrated approach

The sorption of Pb(II) onto polyacrylamide zirconium(IV) iodate, a hybrid inorganic–organic material, has been studied through the batch equilibrium technique. The experimental equilibrium data have been analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The accuracy of the fit of isotherm models to the experimental equilibrium data was assessed using error analysis.The Temkin model yields the best fit between experimental and simulated data. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations have been analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The experimental data obey the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The plot of qt versus t1/2 suggests that intraparticle diffusion is not the sole rate-controlling step; some degree of boundary layer diffusion is also involved. The calculated thermodynamic parameters ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° indicate that the adsorption of Pb(II) onto the sorbent is a spontaneous, endothermic, and phys...

Equilibrium Modeling, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies on Adsorption of Pb(II) by a Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Material: Polyacrylamide Zirconium(IV) Iodate

Nafisur Rahman

Papers

Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review

Adsorption behavior of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) from aqueous solution on Duolite C-433: a synthetic resin

The importance of impurity analysis in pharmaceutical products: an integrated approach

Equilibrium Modeling, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies on Adsorption of Pb(II) by a Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Material: Polyacrylamide Zirconium(IV) Iodate

Review on Pharmaceutical Impurities, Stability Studies and Degradation Products: An Analytical Approach