World Development Report 2012: Gender equality and development Washington, DC: The World Bank 2011, 426 pp., ISBN: 978-0821388259 Since the 1970s, Gender in development has emerged as an issue of c...

World Development Report 2012: Gender equality and development

The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II. After 1950, UNICEF turned to focus on general programs for the improvement of children's welfare worldwide, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts. The organization concentrates on areas in which relatively small expenditures can have a significant impact on the lives of the most disadvantaged children in developing countries, such as the prevention and treatment of disease, child healthcare, malnutrition, illiteracy, and other welfare services.

The United Nations Children's Fund

This volume argues that international human rights law has made a positive contribution to the realization of human rights in much of the world. Although governments sometimes ratify human rights treaties, gambling that they will experience little pressure to comply with them, this is not typically the case. Focusing on rights stakeholders rather than the United Nations or state pressure, Beth Simmons demonstrates through a combination of statistical analyses and case studies that the ratification of treaties leads to better rights practices on average. Simmons argues that international human rights law should get more practical and rhetorical support from the international community as a supplement to broader efforts to address conflict, development, and democratization.

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Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics

A growing body of empirical work measuring different types of cultural traits has shown that culture matters for a variety of economic outcomes. This paper focuses on one specific aspect of the relevance of culture: its relationship to institutions. We review work with a theoretical, empirical, and historical bent to assess the presence of a two-way causal effect between culture and institutions. ( JEL D02, D72, I32, J12, Z13)

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/114123/1/dp9246.pdf

Culture and Institutions

A scoring system for appraising mixed methods research, and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in Mixed Studies Reviews.

This literature review assesses the extent of age mixing and economic transactions in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa and the behavioral dynamics of girls and men involved in these partnerships. The examination of more than 45 quantitative and qualitative studies finds that relationships with older partners and those that involve economic transactions are common and that these asymmetries are associated with unsafe sexual behaviors and increased risk of HIV infection. Although the reasons that adolescent girls engage in sexual relationships with older men are varied, receipt of financial benefits is a major motivation. The literature presents evidence that girls have considerable negotiating power over certain aspects of sexual relationships with older men, including partnership formation and continuation; however, they have little control over sexual practices within partnerships, including condom use and violence. The review discusses directions for further research and the implications of current knowledge for future interventions.

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Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa.

Context: "Sugar daddy" relationships which are characterized by large age and economic asymmetries between partners are believed to be a major factor in the spread of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Information is needed about sugar daddy partnerships-and about age and economic symmetries more generally-to determine how common they are and whether they are related to unsafe sexual behavior. Methods: The sample comprised 1052 men and aged 21-45 who were surveyed in Kisumu Kenya in 2001. Data on these men and their 1614 recent nonmarital partnerships were analyzed to calculate the prevalence of sugar daddies and sugar daddy relationships as well as a range of age and economic disparities within nonmarital partnerships. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess relationships between condom use at last sexual intercourse and various measures of age and economic asymmetry. Results: The mean age difference between nonmarital sexual partners was 5.5 years and 47% of mens female partners were adolescents. Fourteen percent of partnerships involved an age difference of at least 10 years and 23% involved more than the mean amount of male-to-female material assistance. Men who reported at least one partnership with both these characteristics were defined as sugar daddies and made up 5% of the sample; sugar daddy relationships accounted for 4% of partnerships. Sugar daddy partnerships and the largest age and economic asymmetries were constructed were associated with decreased odds of condom use. Conclusions: Although sugar daddy relationships are not as pervasive as generally assumed age and economic asymmetries in nonmarital partnerships are relatively common. All these types of asymmetries are associated with nonuse of condoms. Increasing womens power within asymmetric sexual relationships could improve their ability to negotiate safer sexual behaviors such as condom use. (authors)

Confronting the 'sugar daddy' stereotype: age and economic asymmetries and risky sexual behavior in urban Kenya.

Cross-Generational and Transactional Sexual Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa

https://www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk/km/femaleincome2011.pdf

Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in India

/pdf/cross-generational-and-transactional-sexual-relations-in-sub-3wvdktu4fm.pdf

Cross-Generational and Transactional Sexual Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Prevalence of Behavior and Implications for Negotiating Safer Sexual Practices

Nancy Luke

Papers

Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa.

Confronting the 'sugar daddy' stereotype: age and economic asymmetries and risky sexual behavior in urban Kenya.

Cross-Generational and Transactional Sexual Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa

Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in India

Cross-Generational and Transactional Sexual Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Prevalence of Behavior and Implications for Negotiating Safer Sexual Practices