Introduction to Fungi.

Disease-suppressive compost enhances natural soil suppressiveness against soil-borne plant pathogens: A critical review

A large amount of agro-industrial waste is produced worldwide in various agricultural sectors and by different food industries The disposal and burning of this waste have created major global environmental problems Agro-industrial waste mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, all of which are collectively defined as lignocellulosic materials This waste can serve as a suitable substrate in the solid-state fermentation process involving mushrooms Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies Therefore, mushroom cultivation can be considered a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and valorization of agro-industrial waste Such waste is generated as a result of the eco-friendly conversion of low-value by-products into new resources that can be used to produce value-added products Here, we have produced a brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature This overview has focused on the use of agro-industrial waste as a growth substrate for mushroom cultivation and lignocellulolytic enzyme production

Cultivation of Mushrooms and Their Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Through the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste

Individuals have different risks for developing erosive lesions depending on background, behavioural, dietary and medical variables. It is anticipated that people with regular impact of gastric juice, i.e. patients with eating disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have a specially high risk of developing dental erosions; the same could be true for those with special diets, regular consumption of acidic beverages, medicine and drug intake and occupational exposure to acids. Eating disorders are associated with an increased occurrence, severity and risk for dental erosion, even though not all bulimic patients show a pathological level of tooth wear. There seems also to be a tendency that in the case of GERD, erosion is more common and more severe than in healthy controls. Regarding exogenous causes, many studies, though not all, document a positive association between the consumption of acidic beverages and dental erosions and there seems to be a dose-response relationship; however, further studies are necessary for a final statement. The same applies for the association between drug or medication intake or special diet and erosion prevalence. Though only few studies exist, there seems to be a tendency for an increase of erosion prevalence amongst persons abusively consuming alcohol. Some studies show an increased risk for dental erosion for employees testing wine or working in acid processing factories. Even though some associations between acid impact and erosion prevalence appear clear, the number of studies is small. There is a lack of controlled prevalence studies, making it difficult to give final statements for all risk groups.

Prevalence of erosive tooth wear in risk groups

Soil microbiota plays a key role in suppressing soil-borne plant pathogens improving the natural soil suppressiveness. Microbiome disturbance triggers specific perturbation to change and shape the soil microbial communities’ network for increasing suppression against phytopathogens and related diseases. Very important goals have been reached in manipulation of soil microbiota through agronomical practices based on soil pre-fumigation, organic amendment, crop rotation and intercropping. Nevertheless, to limit inconsistencies, drawbacks and failures related to soil microbiota disturbance, a detailed understanding of the microbiome shifts during its manipulation is needed under the light of the microbiome-assisted strategies. Next-generation sequencing often offers a better overview of the soil microbial communities during microbiomes manipulation, but sometime it does not provide information related to the highest taxonomic resolution of the soil microbial communities. This review work reports and discusses the most reliable findings in relation to a comprehensive understanding of soil microbiota and how its manipulation can improve suppression against soil-borne diseases in organic farming systems. Role and functionality of the soil microbiota in suppressing soil-borne pathogens affecting crops have been basically described in the first section of the paper. Characterization of the soil microbiomes network by high-throughput sequencing has been introduced in the second section. Some relevant findings by which soil microbiota manipulation can address the design of novel sustainable cropping systems to sustain crops’ health without use (or reduced use) of synthetic fungicides and fumigants have been extensively presented and discussed in the third and fourth sections, respectively, under the light of the new microbiome-assisted strategies. Critical comparisons on the next-generation sequencing have been provided in the fifth section. Concluding remarks have been drawn in the last section.

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Soil microbiota manipulation and its role in suppressing soil-borne plant pathogens in organic farming systems under the light of microbiome-assisted strategies

Present study was conducted in the laboratory as well as in mushroom house to determine the effect of different agricultural wastes (wheat straw, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, maize straw and sorghum straw) on growth, production and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida). The culture was maintained on Malt Extract Agar medium. Spawn was prepared on wheat grains. Spawn running took less time i.e. 20 days on wheat straw as compared to other substrates. The appearance of pinhead and their maturity also took less time i.e. 29 days and 30 days, respectively on wheat straw. Maximum yield i.e. 1360 gram was recorded on wheat straw. The first flush gave the maximum yield in all treatments and there was a progressive decrease in the yield of successive flushes. The maximum biological efficiency of 136% was observed in case of wheat straw. The maximum moisture (93.44%) and ash (1.006%) were recorded in oyster mushroom obtained from sorghum straw. Percent protein content (8.75 gram), crude fat (10%) and crude fiber (3.5%) were maximum in oyster mushroom grown on sugarcane bagasse, maize straw and wheat straw respectively.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue3/PartB/4-3-57-159.pdf

Substrates evaluation for the quality, production and growth of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida Cetto)

In present study, the effect of a root colonizing fungus Penicillium sp. EU0013_90S as biocontrol agent (BCA) against Fusarium wilt pathogens was observed in dual culture experiment as well as under screen house conditions. Dual culture experiment was conducted to see whether EU0013_90S has an inhibitory effect on different fungal pathogens especially Fusarium wilt pathogens e.g. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 CU1, race 1 MAFF 305121, and race 2 JCM. The radial colony developments of the pathogens were inhibited by zone of different lengths. In screen house experiment, different conidial concentrations (1×104, 1×105, 1×106 ml-1) of Penicillium sp. EU0013_90S were treated with tomato seedling followed by Fusarium wilt pathogens of tomato (JCM, MAFF) having different conidial concentrations (1×105, 1 ×106, 1×107 ml-1) A week after the treatment, tomato plants were observed for external symptoms. Stunting, yellowing and wilting of leaves were caused by Fusarium oxysporum isolates (JCM, MAFF). Disease severity was assessed through visual observation. The data was taken with two days interval for 24 days. Treatment of tomato plants with EU0013_90S resulted in significant disease reduction. Disease reduction varied with the different conidial concentrations of BCA and the Fusarium wilt pathogens (JCM, MAFF) used. The highest disease reduction (95.24% and 80.58%) occurred in the treatment where BCA was applied at lowest conidial concentrations (1×104 conidia ml-1) with JCM and MAFF respectively.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue2/PartH/4-3-59.pdf

Study on the biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato

Summary Statement of the problem: Drug addiction or substance abuse is an endemic habit globally. At present there is no data available regarding the temporomandibular joint status, Occlusal and cervical tooth wear and facial pain among substance abusers from the Saudi Arabia. Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the temporomandibular joint status, occlusal and cervical tooth wear and facial pain among the drug abusers from narcotics control prison, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: One hundred subjects were included in the study as a convenience sample. Male comprised of 56 and female 44. An interview and clinical examination were performed. Results: The age ranged from 20–65 years with mean (31.4 ± 8.9). Smoking, drinking and chewing habits were most common modes of drug used. 98.0% were smokers, 61.0% alcohol drinkers and 41.0% were cannabis user. The duration of drug abuse was more than 5 years among most of the candidates. TMJ status revealed that clicking was reported by 40.0%, tenderness by 9% and reduced jaw mobility 0.0%. Occlusal enamel wear (attrition) was reported by 16.1% of male and 18.1% of female. However, the occlusal dentine exposure was among female only (18.1%). Cervical erosion abrasion was common among 16.1% male and 54.5% female. Facial pain was experienced by 6.0% and facial numbness by only 1.0% of the subjects. Conclusion: Smoking, alcohol and cannabis were common among the studied population. Only 9.0% of the subjects had tenderness in TMJ, occlusal enamel wear was among 17.0% of subjects. Only female subjects had dentinal exposure. Facial pain was common among up to only 6.0% of the studied population. From public health point of view, smoking cessation programs and oral health education should be introduced to adolescents to prevent unhealthy illicit substance abusing habits in future. Further studies are needed to assess the oral mucosal changes, dietary pattern, oral hygiene behavior, quality of life and level of satisfaction among the substance abusers from Saudi Arabia.

Temporomandibular joint status, occlusal attrition, cervical erosion and facial pain among substance abusers.

In the present study spent composts of button, oyster mushrooms and their combinations were used both in aqueous and powdered forms for the management of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments were conducted. Spent composts significantly reduced bacterial wilt of tomato under screen house conditions and produced larger growth inhibition zones of bacteria on artificial medium. Mixture of oyster and button mushroom restricts bacterial growth up to 8.43 mm followed by button mushroom compost with 7.80 mm. However, mixture of oyster and button composts performed better in the management of bacterial wilt of tomato than applied alone. Likewise, application of powdered spent mushroom composts was more effective than aqueous application. Similarly button mushroom compost was more effective against R. solanacearum than oyster compost both in powder and in extracted form. Mixture of oyster and button composts restricts disease severity up to 14.58% when applied as powdered form and up to 27% when applied as aqueous extracts. Moreover, spent mushroom compost improved all agronomic characteristics of tomato plants such as plant height, number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of plant, number of shoots per plant, root length, root weight, and dry plant weight. The ability of spent mushroom compost to reduce disease severity and enhance plant growth could be attributed to the alteration of physical structure of soil and encouragement of plant friendly microbes by the compost.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue3/PartB/4-3-64.1-430.pdf

Study on the management of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) with spent mushroom compost

During the present study, different fungi including Paecilomyces sp. from the rhizosphere of two medicinal plants i.e. Aloe vera (Ghee kuwar) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) were isolated. For further biocontrol studies, Paecilomyces sp. which produced the highest (9 mm) and the lowest (2.7 mm) inhibition zone against Fusarium solani and Helminthosporium sp, respectively in dual culture tests was used. In screen house study the application of conidial concentration of Paecilomyces sp. against Fusarium wilt of chilli significantly reduced the disease. The highest disease reduction (90.1%) was recorded in the treatment when the chilli seedling roots were prior dipped in the conidial concentration of (1×10 4 conidia ml -1 ) of Paecilomyces sp. Application of Paecilomyces sp. also positively affected the yield and the biomass i.e. fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight and plant height of chilli plants.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue3/PartB/4-3-58.pdf

Nangial Khan

Papers

Substrates evaluation for the quality, production and growth of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida Cetto)

Study on the biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato

Temporomandibular joint status, occlusal attrition, cervical erosion and facial pain among substance abusers.

Study on the management of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) with spent mushroom compost

Medicinal plants rhizosphere exploration for the presence of potential biocontrol fungi