Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes) were discovered in 2011. Since the original discovery, more than 20 different compositions have been synthesized by the selective etching of MAX phase and other precursors and many more theoretically predicted. They offer a variety of different properties, making the family promising candidates in a wide range of applications, such as energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, water purification, electrocatalysis, and medicine. These solution-processable materials have the potential to be highly scalable, deposited by spin, spray, or dip coating, painted or printed, or fabricated in a variety of ways. Due to this promise, the amount of research on MXenes has been increasing, and methods of synthesis and processing are expanding quickly. The fast evolution of the material can also be noticed in the wide range of synthesis and processing protocols that determine the yield of delamination, as well as the quality...

Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene)

1. Scope of this Review 2270 2. Ambient Ionization Techniques 2272 2.1. Solid−Liquid Extraction-Based Techniques 2272 2.1.1. Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) 2272 2.1.2. Desorption Ionization by Charge Exchange (DICE) 2277 2.1.3. Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization (EASI) 2278 2.1.4. Liquid Micro Junction Surface Sampling Probe (LMJ-SSP) 2279 2.1.5. Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis (LESA) 2279 2.1.6. Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization (nanoDESI) 2280 2.1.7. Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (DAPPI) 2280 2.2. Plasma-Based Techniques 2281 2.2.1. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) 2282 2.2.2. Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow (FAPA) 2286 2.2.3. Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) & Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization (DBDI) 2286 2.2.4. Chemical Sputtering/Ionization Techniques 2287 2.3. Two-Step Thermal/Mechanical Desorption/ Ablation (Non-Laser) Techniques 2288 2.3.1. Neutral Desorption Extractive Electrospray Ionization (ND-EESI) 2288 2.3.2. Beta Electron-Assisted Direct Chemical Ionization (BADCI) 2288 2.3.3. Atmospheric Pressure Thermal Desorption-Secondary Ionization (AP-TD/SI) 2289 2.3.4. Probe Electrospray Ionization (PESI) 2289 2.4. Two-Step Laser-Based Desorption Ablation Techniques 2290 2.4.1. Laser-Based Hybrid Techniques Coupled to ESI or Plasma Ionization 2290 2.4.2. Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (LEMS) 2292 2.4.3. Laser Ablation Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (LAAPPI) 2293 2.4.4. Laser Ablation Sample Transfer 2293 2.5. Acoustic Desorption Techniques 2294 2.5.1. Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption (LIAD) 2294 2.5.2. Radiofrequency Acoustic Desorption Ionization (RADIO) 2295 2.5.3. Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Techniques 2295 2.6. Multimode Techniques 2296 2.6.1. Desorption Electrospray/Metastable-Induced Ionization (DEMI) 2296 2.7. Other Techniques 2296 2.7.1. Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) 2296 2.7.2. Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) 2297 2.7.3. Switched Ferroelectric Plasma Ionizer (SwiFerr) 2297 2.7.4. Laserspray Ionization (LSI) 2297 3. Remote Sampling 2298 3.1. Nonproximate Ambient MS 2298 3.2. Fundamentals of Neutral/Ion Transport 2298 3.3. Transport of Neutrals 2298 3.4. Transport of Ions 2299 4. Future Directions 2300 Author Information 2300 Corresponding Author 2300 Author Contributions 2300 Notes 2300 Biographies 2300 Acknowledgments 2301 References 2301

Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization

Synthetic nanoscale motors represent a major step toward the development of practical nanomachines. Despite impressive progress, man-made nanomachines lack the efficiency and speed of their biologi...

Carbon-nanotube-induced acceleration of catalytic nanomotors.

The characterization of microstructure and chemical compositions of oxide films formed on surfaces of stainless steels is necessary for understanding of corrosion processes and environmentally assisted cracking. In this study, the morphologies, microstructure and chemical compositions of oxide films grown on 316L stainless steel exposed to H2O2-containing supercritical water (SCW) were investigated using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzer and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. A duplex-layer structure was identified in the oxide films. The loose outer layer was rich in Fe, while the compact inner layer was rich in Cr and Fe. In addition, Ni enrichment was observed at the interface between the metal matrix and oxides. The surface oxides tended to change with an increase in water temperature. The possible growth mechanism of the oxide films on 316L stainless steel in SCW environments is believed to be similar to that in high-temperature water, namely metal dissolution/oxide precipitation mechanism and solid-state growth mechanism.

Characterization of oxide films grown on 316L stainless steel exposed to H2O2-containing supercritical water

The invention provides a semiconductor device with high yield by reducing an effect of variations in characteristics of a semiconductor element. Further, by reducing an effect of variations in characteristics of a semiconductor element to improve productivity, an inexpensive semiconductor device can be provided. Further, an inexpensive semiconductor device can be provided by forming a semiconductor device in a large amount over a large substrate such as a glass substrate and a flexible substrate. A semiconductor device of the invention includes a demodulation signal generating circuit and an antenna or a wire for connecting the antenna. The demodulation signal generating circuit includes a demodulation circuit and a correction circuit. The correction circuit corrects a first demodulation signal generated from the demodulation circuit and generates a second demodulation signal.

Semiconductor device and driving method thereof

In order to determine the effects of hydrogen peroxide on electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) of type 304 stainless steel (SUS304), ECPs were measured using a high temperature, high pressure ...

Effects Of Hydrogen Peroxide On Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Stainless Steel in High Temperature Water, (IV): Effects of Oxide Film on Electrochemical Corrosion Potential

A method and equipment for detecting an explosive, etc. are disclosed. A specified portion highly likely to contain an explosive, etc. is extracted based on the X-ray image obtained by radiating an X ray on an object to be inspected. An electromagnetic wave containing the terahertz wave is radiated on the specified portion thus extracted. The presence or absence of the explosive, etc. is determined based on at least one of the absorption spectrum and the reflection spectrum of the electromagnetic wave at the specified portion.

Method and equipment for detecting explosives, etc.

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of structural materials used in boiling water reactors has been studied at relatively low hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentrations, around 10ppb, which was assumed to be representative of the corrosion environment formed in hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) The 1/4T compact tension specimen was used for measurement of crack growth rates (CGRs) of sensitized type 304 stainless steel in high temperature and high purity water Crack length was monitored by a reversing direct current potential drop method Since H 2 O 2 is easily decomposed thermally, a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined autoclave was used to minimize its decomposition on the autoclave surface The CGR in the H 2 O 2 environment differed from that in the O 2 environment even though the electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) for both conditions was the same The data implied that the ECP could not be used as a common environmental deterministic parameter for SCC behavior at higher potentials for different oxidant conditions The corrosion current density was found to play an important role as an environmental index for SCC, which was given as just the current density at the ECP at a specific oxidant concentration The CGRs were found to be written as CGR = (38±06)×10 -3 i cor +(15±16) × 10 -8 mm/s using the calculated corrosion current density i cor below 10 -4 Acm -2 

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/18811248.2000.9714971

Effects of hydrogen peroxide on intergranular stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel in high temperature water, (III) crack growth rates in corrosive environment determined by hydrogen peroxide

Mean atomic velocities of uranium, titanium and copper during electron beam evaporation of the metal were measured by a microbalance technique as a function of evaporating metal surface temperature. In the measured temperature range, the mean velocity of uranium was up to 2.1 times the thermal mean velocity vth, corresponding to the surface temperature of the evaporating metal. Mean velocities of titanium and copper increased to 1.6 and 1.3 times vth, respectively. This meant that mean velocities of uranium and titanium exceeded the maximum flow speed of an ideal gas in adiabatic expansion, i.e. 1.4 times vth, while the mean velocity of copper was almost equal to it. The electronic states of uranium and titanium were thermally excited to higher levels, then such excited energy should be converted to kinetic energy during adiabatic expansion. However, copper was rarely excited to higher levels because of the their fewer number. As a result, mean velocities of uranium and titanium were faster than the maxim...

Mean Atomic Velocities of Uranium, Titanium and Copper during Electron Beam Evaporation

To suppress a decrease of thickness due to corrosion of structural members and to achieve a removal of radionuclides with good efficiency in a nuclear power plant, oxidation decontamination is first conducted. An aqueous potassium permanganate solution is supplied from a circulation line to a reactor pressure vessel, which is a stainless steel structural member, and a reactor water cleanup system piping and a drain piping, which are carbon steel structural members. These structural members are oxidation-decontaminated by the action of potassium permanganate. Then the above-mentioned structural members are reduction-decontaminated by using an aqueous oxalic acid solution. The aqueous oxalic acid solution contains hydrazine.

Naohito Uetake

Papers

Effects Of Hydrogen Peroxide On Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Stainless Steel in High Temperature Water, (IV): Effects of Oxide Film on Electrochemical Corrosion Potential

Method and equipment for detecting explosives, etc.

Effects of hydrogen peroxide on intergranular stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel in high temperature water, (III) crack growth rates in corrosive environment determined by hydrogen peroxide

Mean Atomic Velocities of Uranium, Titanium and Copper during Electron Beam Evaporation

Method of chemical decontamination