Coronary heart disease

Device-free Passive (DfP) localization is a system envisioned to detect, track, and identify entities that do not carry any device, nor participate actively in the localization process. A DfP system allows using nominal WiFi equipment for intrusion detection, without using any extra hardware, adding smartness to any WiFi-enabled device. In this paper, we focus on the detection function of the DfP system in a real environment. We show that the performance of our previously developed algorithms for detection in a controlled environments, which achieved 100% recall and precision, degrades significantly when tested in a real environment. We present an alternative algorithm, based on the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), that has a significant performance increase in a real environment. Our results show that the recall of the system increases by more than 10% when using the proposed MLE without affecting the system's precision.

Smart Devices for Smart Environments: Device-free Passive Detection in Real Environments.

With the rapid development in wireless technologies and the Internet, the Internet of Things (IoT) is envisioned to be an integral part of our daily lives. Localization-based services are among the most attractive applications related to the IoT. They are actually, thanks to the deployment of networks of sensors, able to collect and transmit data in order to determine the targets position. A plethora of localization systems are proposed in the literature. These localization systems are based on different positioning approaches, different techniques and different technologies, making them appropriate for some applications and inappropriate for other applications. This survey provides a general overview of the localization in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and surveys technical details related to approaches and algorithms of various important localization techniques using different technologies. Based on the localization approaches, we propose to classify the localization systems to centralized, distributed and interactive. Considering the techniques of localization, we classify them to distance measurement, angle measurement, arear measurement and hop-count measurement based. Finally, Depending on the manner of the wireless devices interaction with the target, we classify the localization systems to two categories: device-based and device-free systems. In device-based techniques, localization is linked to the target, and localization is determined thanks to the cooperation with other deployed wireless devices. Whereas in the device-free systems, the target does not include any wireless device according to the localization. We compare exhaustively each system in terms of precision, cost, evolution and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show the importance of localization in modern IoT application such as smart city, smart transportation and mobility. In this concern, we provide an overview of the main challenges of localization in IoT exposed recently in the literature. Finally, we suggest in this paper some future directions in localization studies. This paper intends to help new researchers in the field of localization and IoT by providing a comprehensive survey on recent advances in this field.

A Survey of Localization Systems in Internet of Things

Among the emerging concepts in the context of IoT, crowdsourcing, and crowdsensing are known as two critical building blocks on the intersection point of things and human-based techniques. Although contribution and involvement of people is a key factor in both crowdsensing and crowdsourcing systems which provides reliability and data quality, level of human contribution is what makes crowd-powered systems different. To scrutinize this difference it is considered that user intervention in crowd-based schemes can be either implicit or explicit. Since one of the most important applications of crowdsourcing and crowdsensing systems is providing location services in indoor environments, in this paper, we study the level of user contribution in available crowd-powered techniques and propose a classification for crowd-powered indoor localization solutions to clarify which crowds-based approach is utilized in each indoor localization solution because in many cases the distinction is not clear and often leads to misconception. Dependency on site survey process is considered as another distinction point in our proposed classification. Hence, we consider indoor localization solutions with implicit user participation and latent mobile utilization as crowdsensing indoor localization systems. Respectively, indoor localization solutions with explicit user participation and manifest mobile utilization are classified as crowdsourcing indoor localization systems.

Crowdsourcing and Sensing for Indoor Localization in IoT: A Review

The internet of things (IoT) aims to extend the internet to real-world objects, connecting smart and sensing devices into a global network infrastructure by connecting physical and virtual objects. The IoT has the potential to increase the quality of life of inhabitants and users of intelligent ambient assisted living (AAL) environments. The paper overviews and discusses the IoT technologies and their foreseen impacts and challenges for the AAL domain. The results of this review are summarized as the IoT based gerontechnology acceptance model for the assisted living domain. The model focuses on the acceptance of new technologies by older people and underscores the need for the adoption of the IoT for the AAL domain.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/12/259/pdf

A Review of Internet of Things Technologies for Ambient Assisted Living Environments

Device-free Localization Technique for Indoor Detection and Tracking of Human Body: A Survey

Comparative Analysis of Active and Passive Indoor Localization Systems

Wireless body area networks are being widely used due to the increase in the use of wireless networks and various electrical devices. A Wearable Patch antenna is used for enhancement of various applications for WBAN. In this paper, a low profile wearable microstrip patch antenna is designed and suggested for constant observation of human vital signs such as blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature using wireless body area network (WBAN) technology. The operating frequency of the antenna is taken as 2.45 GHz which lies in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency band. Polyester textile fabric with a relative permittivity of 1.44 and thickness of 2.85 mm is used as a substrate material. The proposed antenna is designed to achieve better return loss, VSWR, gain and low value of specific absorption rate (SAR) as compare to other existing wearable antenna. The achieved antenna return loss at 2.45 GHz is about -10.52 dB and gain of 7.81 dB. The VSWR value achieved at 2.45 GHz is 1.84, which is good in terms of good impedance matching. Other antenna field parameters like 2D and 3D gain, radiation pattern, and SAR value have been calculated. High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is used to design and simulate the proposed antenna.

/pdf/design-of-wearable-patch-antenna-for-wireless-body-area-4lmxl37aw9.pdf

Design of Wearable Patch Antenna for Wireless Body Area Networks

Device-free indoor localization (DFIL) system can locate the position of human body in the indoor environment by observing the changes in the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the wireless local area network (WLAN). The accuracy of a DFIL system is depreciated, as the change in the indoor environment due to furniture and other infrastructure movement. This paper investigates the development of testbed of the Wi-Fi network for measuring the RSSI in various indoor environment, as the initial step for designing the fingerprinting-based algorithms for Wi-fi network. The database of RSSI fingerprint is created initially and then a fingerprint-based algorithm is developed for locating the position of a human body in the indoor environment. The localization algorithm tests the minimum distance in the RSSI values related to the different test points in the indoor environment. This work further demonstrates that how the fingerprints of RSSI are collected and which network configurations generate the most reliable RSSI measurement. For the first phase of designing the testbed, the configurations of different equipment and various tools are elaborated in the indoor environment. For the second phase the RSSI is measured in different propagation indoor environment. The extensive experiments were performed that allow quantification of how changes in an environment affect accuracy. Thus, it is demonstrated that each link offers a viable approach to developing a more robust system for device-free localization that is less susceptible to changes in the environment.

WLAN location fingerprinting technique for device-free indoor localization system

A low profile, rectangular E-shaped microstrip patch antenna is designed and proposed for radio-frequency identification (RFID) based intelligent transportation system (ITS) in this paper. The proposed antenna design aims to achieve high gain and low return loss at 0.96 GHz as it is suitable for ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags. The proposed antenna composed of a radiating patch on one side of the dielectric substrate and the ground plane on the other side, copper is used to produce the main radiator. The simulation of the proposed antenna is performed employing the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The dielectric substrate used for the suggested antenna is an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3 and height 1.5 mm. The performance of the proposed antenna is measured in terms of gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern and the bandwidth. The antenna gain and the return loss of the suggested antenna at 0.96 GHz are 7.3 dB and -12.43 dB, respectively.

/pdf/design-and-simulation-of-a-rectangular-e-shaped-microstrip-4igsadil5x.pdf

Nasrullah Pirzada

Papers

Device-free Localization Technique for Indoor Detection and Tracking of Human Body: A Survey

Comparative Analysis of Active and Passive Indoor Localization Systems

Design of Wearable Patch Antenna for Wireless Body Area Networks

WLAN location fingerprinting technique for device-free indoor localization system

Design and Simulation of a Rectangular E-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for RFID based Intelligent Transportation