Algae waste is one of the potential substrates for biogas and biohydrogen production and can comprehend multiple benefits of waste treatment and resource utilization. In view of the key bottlenecks such as low substrate degradation rate and poor productivity of algae waste production process, this study analyzes the combined effect of two metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles with different substrate pretreatment methods (autoclave, ultrasonic, and microwave methods) to investigate the effect of anaerobic digestion of green algae (Enteromorpha). The results showed that out of the three pretreatment methods, microwave pretreatment and nanoparticles' synergistic effect significantly increases biogas production. The microbial community composition at the phylum level was analyzed. It was observed that the Firmicutes were most abundant across all samples. The relative abundance of Firmicutes for control, Ni NPs + MW, Co NPs + MW, and Fe3O4 NPs + MW groups were 51.78, 70.37, 75.77, and 83.93%,      respectively. The second most abundant was of Bacteroidetes that also contributes to hydrogen production. This relatively high abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes promises its potential applications in a hydrogen production facility. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

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Nanoparticles Synergistic Effect with Various Substrate Pretreatment and their Comparison on Biogas Production from Algae Waste

DOI: http://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.27.2.09 ةرطيسلا ةيبوساحلا ىلع ةموظنم عبتت يسمش ةيئانث روحملا فلخ مولس ديعك / مسق ةسدنهلا ةيئابرهكلا / ةيلك ةسدنهلا / ةعماج تيركت / قارعلا ، دمحم ريصن نيدلا / ةسدنهلا مسق ةيئابرهكلا / ةسدنهلا ةيلك / ةعماج ديهكيل / ادنك دمحم ميرك دمحم / مسق ةسدنهلا ةيئابرهكلا / ةيلك ةسدنهلا / ةعماج تيركت / قارعلا ، رمع عفان دومحم / مسق ةسدنهلا ةيئابرهكلا / ةيلك ةسدنهلا / ةعماج تيركت / قارعلا ةصلاخلا نا ضرغلا يسيئرلا نم اذه لمعلا وه ميدقت ةركف موقت ىلع ميمصت ريوطتو ةموظنم بقعت ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا يئاقلتلا قيقحتل ىصقأ ردق نم جاتنا ةقاطلا اضيأو دحلل نم هجرد ةرارح ةحوللا ، ةدايزل ةءافكلا ةيئوضورهكلا ماق قيرفلا يف هذه ،ثحبلا ريوطتب ماظن عبتتلا يسمشلا يئاقلتلا ماظنل ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا ةريغصلا قاطنلا . دقو مت ريوطت ءزج ةزهجلأا ءزجو ةجمربلا يف تقو دحاو نم لجأ ماظن عبتت ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا لوصحلل ىلع ةموظنم لمعت ةقدب ةيلاع . مت لامعتسا ونيودرا ،ونوا ةمواقملا ةيئوضلا ( LDR ) ، ساسح هجرد ةرارحلا ( LM35 ) ، هحول ةيلاع ةءافكلا ةقاطلل ،ةيسمشلا تاكرحملا ةصاخلا ةرطيسلاب ىلع نحصلا مدختسملا طاقتللا ةراشإ ثب تاونقلا ،ةيئاضفلا جمانرب Protuse ةاكاحمل ةغل ةجمربلا ةيلاع يوتسملا دقو مت اهنيمضت يف ةزهجلأا ليغشتل ماظن عبتتلا ديربتلاو لكشب لاعف . دقو رهظا ماظن عبتتلا ديربتلاو ةيلاعف ةريبك يف ليصوت ةقاطلا ىلإ حاولأ ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا . :ةلادلا تاملكلا ،كمدلا ،ةيويحلا تارميلوبلا .ناثنزلا غمص ،صقلا ةمواقم ،ةيسبجلا ةبرتلا ،رايهنلاا ةيلامتحا

Design and Implement of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based Arduino

With the expanding demand of energy worldwide, an extreme shortage and inflation of the non- renewable energy resources will be observed in near future. Therefore, before the crucial stage comes up, all the countries of the world are trying their level best to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy resources as the main sources of generating electricity. Solar energy is one of the most effectual resources of renewable energy, which can play a significant role to solve energy crisis. By tracking the movement of sun, photovoltaic panel can be positioned in such a way that it can collect maximum amount of solar radiation. Trackers generate more electricity than conventional static solar panels due to increased direct exposure to solar rays and can be up to 25% more efficient than their static counterparts. While tracking sun, the dual axis solar trackers provide better efficiency as they allow for two degrees of flexibility, offering a much wider range of motion. This paper presents the design and construction of a self-powered automatic dual axis solar tracking and positioning system. It can execute both front tracking and back tracking operation without any manual help and provide a high degree of accuracy without any requirement of GPS or computers. The design requires no supplemental power supply which means it will be self-powered which will reduce any extra operational costs. A small prototype is also constructed to implement the design methodology presented here.

Self Powered Automatic Dual Axis Tracking and Positioning System Design

Green energy by PV systems reduces the dependence on fossil fuel-based power plants. Maximizing green energy to meet the demand reduces the burden on conventional power plants, hence lesser burning and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. For this purpose, this study draws a relationship between tracking schemes of the PV systems to GHG mitigation potential. The best fit location for detailed analyses is selected among the 15 most populous cities of Australia. The solar radiation potential is increased to 7.78 kWh/m2/d through dual axes tracking compared to 7.54, 6.82, 5.94, 5.73 kWh/m2/d through the one axis, azimuth based, fixed-tilted, and fixed-horizontal surface schemes, respectively. Through the dual axes tracking scheme, a 1 MW PV system per annum energy output avoids the burning of 796,065.3 L of gasoline, 4308.7 barrels of crude oil which is equal to the mitigation of 1852.7 tCO2 equivalent GHGs. Concisely, the PV system, through its green energy output, can avoid the release of greenhouse gases from fossil-fuel plants to tackle climate change more effectively.

Impact of PV System Tracking on Energy Production and Climate Change

The objective of Poland’s energy policy is to guarantee energy security while enhancing economic competitiveness and energy efficiency, thus minimizing the power sector’s environmental impact and optimizing the use of energy resources in the country. Poland is not the only European country to rely on coal for power generation. Historical factors and large coal deposits act as natural barriers to increasing the share of renewable energy in the Polish power sector. Yet, today, environmental concerns and climate change are prompting many countries to move away from fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, are an alternative to traditional energy generated from fossil fuels. However, investors developing solar and wind farms in Poland encounter numerous problems at each stage of the project. These difficulties are associated mainly with the location, technical requirements, infrastructure and formal and legal documents. This study aimed to identify the key factors that influence the development of photovoltaic power stations in Poland, with special emphasis on the choice of location and technical aspects of the investment process. The demand for clean energy and the renewable energy prospects for Poland are discussed based on the example of solar farms. Sixty-seven prospective farm locations were analyzed, and the results of the analysis were used to identify the main barriers and opportunities for renewable energy development in Poland. The option of connecting solar farms to the existing power grid was also examined. This study demonstrates that the development of solar farms in Poland is inhibited mainly by technical barriers, in particular the lack of options for connecting farms to the power grid, as well as the absence of support mechanisms and dedicated legislative solutions, rather than environmental obstacles.

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Location and Technical Requirements for Photovoltaic Power Stations in Poland

Sun energy is a considered to be one of most promising source to address the world energy crises. Photovoltaic cell is one of the prominent sources of energy. The most important factors that affect the efficiency of solar cells are cell temperature, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and energy conversion efficiency. The optimization of these factors improves solar cells efficiency for more reliable applications. This study associated by means of the designing and manufacturing process of single axis tracker device by using photo voltaic conversion panels. This solar tracker system assures the conversion optimization of electricity from the source of sun energy by proper using of orientated photovoltaic panel in a manner conforming to the actual direction of sun. Experimental system based on the function of DC motor, which is controlled by dedicated drive astutely so as to move the PV panel in accordance with the signals be given as of effective light sensors. It has been found that at the same sunny day the energy output of solar panel with tracking system was 1742.88Wh and with non tracking system was 829.6Wh and

Naveed Ali

Papers

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Single Axis Solar Tracker for Solar Panel