Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

What was noted by E. J. hanger (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. hanger, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-mom ent psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and behavior. Three major forms of automatic self-regulation are identified: an automatic effect of perception on action, automatic goal pursuit, and a continual automatic evaluation of one's experience. From the accumulating evidence, the authors conclude that these various nonconscious mental systems perform the lion's share of the self-regulatory burden, beneficently keeping the individual grounded in his or her current environment. The strongest knowledge—that of the total unfreedom of the human will—is nonetheless the poorest in successes, for it always has the strongest opponent: human vanity. —Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human

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The unbearable automaticity of being

Social cognitive theory provides an agentic conceptual framework within which to analyze the determinants and psychosocial mechanisms through which symbolic communication influences human thought, affect and action. Communications systems operate through two pathways. In the direct pathway, they promote changes by informing, enabling, motivating, and guiding participants. In the socially mediated pathway, media influences link participants to social networks and community settings that provide natural incentives and continued personalized guidance, for desired change. Social cognitive theory analyzes social diffusion of new styles of behavior in terms of the psychosocial factors governing their acquisition and adoption and the social networks through which they spread and are supported. Structural interconnectedness provides potential diffusion paths; sociocognitive factors largely determine what diffuses through those paths.

Social cognitive theory of mass communication

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

Coping, defined as the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful, has been a focus of research in the social sciences for more than three decades. The dramatic proliferation of coping research has spawned healthy debate and criticism and offered insight into the question of why some individuals fare better than others do when encountering stress in their lives. We briefly review the history of contemporary coping research with adults. We discuss three primary challenges for coping researchers (measurement, nomenclature, and effectiveness), and highlight recent developments in coping theory and research that hold promise for the field, including previously unaddressed aspects of coping, new measurement approaches, and focus on positive affective outcomes.

Coping: Pitfalls and Promise

Although the number of empirical studies testing Eysenck's theory has not been extensive, the literature generally supports the main hypothesis of Eysenck's theory. Personality traits seem to be predictive of individual differences in sexual arousal and behaviour patterns. Extraverts, for example, are characterized by a more hedonistic outlook on sex and more active and varied sex lives. High P scorers have a more impersonal outlook on sex and are also characterized by more attraction to sexual aggression. Evidence supporting the association between high P scores and sexual aggression was provided in some new longitudinal data collected in Winnipeg, Manitoba by the authors of this paper. Eysenck's theory has also been frequently cited by investigators who are developing new evolutionary perspectives to account for individual differences in human sexuality. Recent research suggests that Eysenck's theory may also have important practical applications, particularly in helping us to understand high risk sexual behaviour patterns placing a person at risk for AIDS and understanding individual differences in reaction to AIDS education materials.

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Eysenck's theory of personality and sexuality

Ethics and social science

A Computer Simulation of Group Risky Shift for Teaching Undergraduate Research Methods.

Integrating Social Psychological Research on Aggression within an Evolutionary‐based Framework

Researchers have theorized and empirically shown that compared with low rape myth acceptance (RMA) individuals, those high in RMA are more likely to discount rape prevention messages. These researc...

Neil M. Malamuth

Papers

Eysenck's theory of personality and sexuality

Ethics and social science

A Computer Simulation of Group Risky Shift for Teaching Undergraduate Research Methods.

Integrating Social Psychological Research on Aggression within an Evolutionary‐based Framework

Priming Self-Affirmation Reduces the Negative Impact of High Rape Myth Acceptance: Assessing Women's Perceptions and Judgments of Sexual Assault.