Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0–4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CDRISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Depression and Anxiety 18:76–82, 2003. & 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC)

Etude de la coherence entre differentes sources (269 echantillons utilisees dans 119 etudes) concernant les evaluations des problemes affectifs et comportementaux d'enfants et d'adolescents âges de 1 1/2 a 19 ans

Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.

The authors provide a basic set of guidelines and recommendations for information that should be included in any manuscript that has confirmatory factor analysis or structural equation modeling as the primary statistical analysis technique. The authors provide an introduction to both techniques, along with sample analyses, recommendations for reporting, evaluation of articles in The Journal of Educational Research using these techniques, and concluding remarks.

Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review

Two-component models of socially desirable responding.

This meta-analysis used 9 literature search strategies to examine 137 distinct personality constructs as correlates of subjective well-being (SWB). Personality was found to be equally predictive of life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affect, but significantly less predictive of negative affect. The traits most closely associated with SWB were repressive-defensiveness, trust, emotional stability, locus of control-chance, desire for control, hardiness, positive affectivity, private collective self-esteem, and tension. When personality traits were grouped according to the Big Five factors, Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction, happiness, and negative affect. Positive affect was predicted equally well by Extraversion and Agreeableness. The relative importance of personality for predicting SWB, how personality might influence SWB, and limitations of the present review are discussed.

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The happy personality : A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being

Five studies are presented—all related to the de velopment and application of a self-report inventory for measuring individual differences in learning processes. Factor analysis of items derived by trans lating laboratory learning processes into the context of academic study yielded four scales: Synthesis- Analysis, Study Methods, Fact Retention, and Elab orative Processing. There were no sex differences, and the scales demonstrated acceptable reliabilities. The Synthesis-Analysis and Elaborative Processing scales both assess aspects of information processing (including depth of processing), but Synthesis- Analysis assesses organizational processes, while Elaborative Processing deals with active, elaborative approaches to encoding. These two scales were positively related to performance under incidental learning instructions in both a lecture-learning and traditional verbal-learning study. Study Methods assessed adherence to systematic, traditional study techniques. This scale was positively related to pe...

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Development of a self-report inventory for assessing individual differences in learning processes

This study tested the hypothesis that the correlation between the STAI A-State and A-Trait scales is spuriously high because some of the items in these scales have low content saturation. As measured by Jackson's (1970) Differential Reliability Index, content saturation was found to be high for only 7 A-State and A-Trait items. It was demonstrated that new A-State and A-Trait scales based on these items with high content saturation had high internal consistency reliability and low intercorrelation, and were also very highly correlated with the original STAI scales. These results provided strong support for the tested hypothesis. Implications of these results were discussed for revising the STAI.

A psychometric study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

A test of the hypothesis about the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe- Crowne Social Desirability Scale.

Ramanaiah, Schill, and Leung (1977) reported empirical evidence supporting Millham's (1974) hypothesis that attribution and denial are two separate components of the MC-SD scale. This paper presents the results of two studies conducted to test the hypothesis that the results obtained by Ramanaiah et al. (1977) may be attributed to method variance caused by the keying direction in the MC-SD attribution and denial subscales. The first study was concerned with the development of balanced attribution and denial scales, while the second study investigated whether the results from Ramanaiah et al., which used the original unbalanced attribution and denial scales, could be replicated with the balanced scales developed in Study I. The results strongly supported the tested hypothesis, indicating that the two subscales are measuring essentially the same construct.

On the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.

Szrmmary.-A principal axis factor analysis was jointly for che seven Temperament and Character Inventory scales and the five NEO Five-Factor Inventory scales, using 95 male and 109 female introductory psychology studencs. The five Factors obtained were similar to the five major personality factors of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, and supported the cornprehensiveness of the five-factor model of personality. In recent years, there has been a great deal of research interest in the five-factor model of personahty, which consists of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness as the five major factors. The five-factor model of personality is based on the lexical hypothesis that basic individual differences are represented in the natural language in terms of trait descriptive adjectives and that the five-factor model provides a comprehensive framework for describing the personahty structure underlying peer ratings as well as self-ratings (Digman, 1990). McCrae (1991) has proposed the five-factor model as a universal and comprehensive framework for describing personabty and also for interpreting different personahty systems. Costa and McCrae (1985, 1992) developed the NEO Personabty Inventory to provide scales for measuring the five major personality factors. Costa and McCrae (1992) asserted that the NEO Personahty Inventory would be useful in clinical diagnosis because it measures emotional, interpersonal, and motivational styles relevant for dagnosis of a wide range of personality disorders. There is some empirical evidence supporting the utility of the five-factor model for understanding the structure of personality disorders. For example, Wiggins and Picus (1989) performed a principal components analysis for the personality disorder scales from the MMPI Personabty Disorder scales (Morey, Waugh, & Blashfield, 1985) and the Personahty Adjective Chechst scales (Strack, 1987) along with the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) domain scales. Results indicated five factors whch were interpreted as the five major personality factors. In another study, Schroeder, Wormworth, and Livesley (1992) conducted a factor analysis for the personality disorder scales from the Dimensional Attribution of Pathology-Basic

Nerella V. Ramanaiah

Papers

Development of a self-report inventory for assessing individual differences in learning processes

A psychometric study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

A test of the hypothesis about the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe- Crowne Social Desirability Scale.

On the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.

Cloninger's temperament and character inventory and the neo five-factor inventory