Integrated primary care teams are ideally positioned to support the mental health care needs arising during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding how COVID-19 has affected mental health care delivery within primary care settings will be critical to inform future policy and practice decisions during the later phases of the pandemic and beyond. The objective of our study was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary care teams’ delivery of mental health care. A qualitative study using focus groups conducted with primary care teams in Ontario, Canada. Focus group data was analysed using thematic analysis. We conducted 11 focus groups with 10 primary care teams and a total of 48 participants. With respect to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care in primary care teams, we identified three key themes: i) the high demand for mental health care, ii) the rapid transformation to virtual care, and iii) the impact on providers. From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, primary care quickly responded to the rising mental health care demands of their patients. Despite the numerous challenges they faced with the rapid transition to virtual care, primary care teams have persevered. It is essential that policy and decision-makers take note of the toll that these demands have placed on providers. There is an immediate need to enhance primary care’s capacity for mental health care for the duration of the pandemic and beyond.

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Primary care teams' experiences of delivering mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

Appendices to "Determinants Of Expenditures For Physicians' Services In The United States 1948-68"

Team-based primary care practice and physician's services: Evidence from Family Health Teams in Ontario, Canada.

This study contributes to the literature on supply-side adjustments to insurance expansions by examining the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on ambulance response times. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in the implementation of the ACA as well as pre-treatment differences in uninsured rates, we estimate that the expansions of private and Medicaid coverage under the ACA combined to slow ambulance response times by an average of 19%. We conclude that, through extending coverage to individuals who, in its absence, would not have availed themselves of emergency medical services, the ACA added strain to emergency response systems.

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The Affordable Care Act and Ambulance Response Times

In Canada's most populous province, Ontario, family physicians may choose between the blended fee-for-service (Family Health Group [FHG]) and blended capitation (Family Health Organization [FHO] payment models). Both models incentivize physicians to provide after-hours (AH) and comprehensive care, but FHO physicians receive a capitation payment per enrolled patient adjusted for age and sex, plus a reduced fee-for-service while FHG physicians are paid by fee-for-service. We develop a theoretical model of physician labor supply with multitasking to predict their behavior under FHG and FHO, and estimable equations are derived to test the predictions empirically. Using health administrative data from 2006 to 2014 and a two-stage estimation strategy, we study the impact of switching from FHG to FHO on the production of a capitated basket of services, after-hours services and nonincentivized services. Our results reveal that switching from the FHG to FHO reduces the production of capitated services to enrolled patients and services to nonenrolled patients by 15% and 5% per annum and increases the production of after-hours and nonincentivized services by 8% and 15% per annum.

Stirring the pot: Switching from blended fee-for-service to blended capitation models of physician remuneration.

We examine family physicians' responses to financial incentives for medical services in Ontario, Canada. We use administrative data covering 2003-2008, a period during which family physicians could choose between the traditional fee for service (FFS) and blended FFS known as the Family Health Group (FHG) model. Under FHG, FFS physicians are incentivized to provide comprehensive care and after-hours services. A two-stage estimation strategy teases out the impact of switching from FFS to FHG on service production. We account for the selection into FHG using a propensity score matching model, and then we use panel-data regression models to account for observed and unobserved heterogeneity. Our results reveal that switching from FFS to FHG increases comprehensive care, after-hours, and nonincentivized services by 3%, 15%, and 4% per annum. We also find that blended FFS physicians provide more services by working additional total days as well as the number of days during holidays and weekends. Our results are robust to a variety of specifications and alternative matching methods. We conclude that switching from FFS to blended FFS improves patients' access to after-hours care, but the incentive to nudge service production at the intensive margin is somewhat limited.

Production of physician services under fee-for-service and blended fee-for-service: Evidence from Ontario, Canada.

Mental health problems and substance use co-morbidities during and after the COVID-19 pandemic are a public health priority. Identifying individuals at high-risk of developing mental health problems and potential sequela can inform mitigating strategies. We aimed to identify distinct groups of individuals (i.e., latent classes) based on patterns of self-reported mental health symptoms and investigate their associations with alcohol and cannabis use.We used data from six successive waves of a web-based cross-sectional survey of adults aged 18 years and older living in Canada (6,021 participants). We applied latent class analysis to three domains of self-reported mental health most likely linked to effects of the pandemic: anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Logistic regression was used to characterize latent class membership, estimate the association of class membership with alcohol and cannabis use, and perform sex-based analyses.We identified two distinct classes: (1) individuals with low scores on all three mental health indicators (no/low-symptoms) and (2) those reporting high scores across the three measures (high-symptoms). Between 73.9 and 77.1% of participants were in the no/low-symptoms class and 22.9-26.1% of participants were in the high-symptom class. We consistently found across all six waves that individuals at greater risk of being in the high-symptom class were more likely to report worrying about getting COVID-19 with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) between 1.72 (95%CI:1.17-2.51) and 3.51 (95%CI:2.20-5.60). Those aged 60 + were less likely to be in this group with aORs (95%CI) between 0.26 (0.15-0.44) and 0.48 (0.29-0.77) across waves. We also found some factors associated with class membership varied at different time points. Individuals in the high-symptom class were more likely to use cannabis at least once a week (aOR = 2.28, 95%CI:1.92-2.70), drink alcohol heavily (aOR = 1.71, 95%CI:1.49-1.96); and increase the use of cannabis (aOR = 3.50, 95%CI:2.80-4.37) and alcohol (aOR = 2.37, 95%CI:2.06-2.74) during the pandemic. Women in the high-symptom class had lower odds of drinking more alcohol during the pandemic than men.We identified the determinants of experiencing high anxiety, depression, and loneliness symptoms and found a significant association with alcohol and cannabis consumption. This suggests that initiatives and supports are needed to address mental health and substance use multi-morbidities. 

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Self-reported mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with alcohol and cannabis use: a latent class analysis

My thesis considers health-care policies that are designed to affect the supply of health services. Waiting times for health care are a major health policy concern in many industrialized countries. In Quebec, the median time between a referral from a general practitioner and an appointment with specialist was 7.3 weeks in 2012, compared to 2.9 weeks in 1993, despite increases in number of physicians over the same period. For policy makers contemplating such outcomes, it is of particular importance to understand the structure of physician labour supply and how it affects the supply of health services. I consider two main policies in this respect. First, I estimate how physicians react to monetary incentives and I use my estimates to consider how compensation policy can be used to determine the short-term supply of services. Second, I consider how physician productivity is affected by experience, through learning-by-doing, and I use my estimates to determine how many inexperienced physicians must be hired to replace a retiring experienced physician in order to keep the supply of services constant. My dissertation develops and applies economic and statistical methods to measure the reaction of physicians to monetary incentives and to estimate their productivity profiles (measuring how productivity varies with experience throughout a physician's career) using survey and administrative panel data on Quebec physicians. Our data contain information on the labour supply of each physician, the different types of services they produce and their prices. These data cover a period during which the Quebec government changed the relative prices of medical acts. I use a model-based approach to develop and estimate a structural model of physician behaviour with multitasking. In my model, physicians take the prices of different services as given and choose the number of hours they wish to work as well as how those hours are distributed across different services. The model generates an earnings equation that depends on the total hours worked and a price index that gives the marginal return to hours when hours are optimally distributed across services. The price index depends on the prices of services and technology parameters that determine how physicians react to changes in relative prices. I apply the model to panel data on payments to Quebec physicians matched to time-use data on the same physicians. I use the model to investigate two dimensions of the supply of health services. First, I look

https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/26894/1/32484.pdf

Nibene Habib Somé

Papers

Team-based primary care practice and physician's services: Evidence from Family Health Teams in Ontario, Canada.

Production of physician services under fee-for-service and blended fee-for-service: Evidence from Ontario, Canada.

Self-reported mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with alcohol and cannabis use: a latent class analysis

Stirring the pot: Switching from blended fee-for-service to blended capitation models of physician remuneration.

Modelling and estimating models of physician labour supply and productivity