抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Recently, polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has become widely recognized as a robust and efficient route to produce block copolymer nanoparticles of controlled size, morphology, and surface chemistry. Several reviews of this field have been published since 2012, but a substantial number of new papers have been published in the last three years. In this Perspective, we provide a critical appraisal of the various advantages offered by this approach, while also pointing out some of its current drawbacks. Promising future research directions as well as remaining technical challenges and unresolved problems are briefly highlighted.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02602

A Critical Appraisal of RAFT-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly.

Polymerization-induced self-assembly of block copolymer nanoparticles via RAFT non-aqueous dispersion polymerization

Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications

In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) for the rational synthesis of block copolymer nanoparticles with various morphologies. Much of the PISA literature has been based on thermally initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Herein, we pay particular attention to alternative PISA protocols, which allow the preparation of nanoparticles with improved control over copolymer morphology and functionality. For example, initiation based on visible light, redox chemistry, or enzymes enables the incorporation of sensitive monomers and fragile biomolecules into block copolymer nanoparticles. Furthermore, PISA syntheses and postfunctionalization of the resulting nanoparticles (e.g., cross-linking) can be conducted sequentially without intermediate purification by using various external stimuli. Finally, PISA formulations have been optimized via high-throughput polymerization and recently evaluated within flow reactors for facile scale-up syntheses.

Emerging trends in polymerization-induced self-assembly

pH-Responsive non-ionic diblock copolymers: protonation of a morpholine end-group induces an order–order transition

Semi-crystalline diblock copolymer nano-objects prepared via RAFT alcoholic dispersion polymerization of stearyl methacrylate

Two trithiocarbonate-based poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromolecular chain transfer agents (macro-CTAs) with mean degrees of polymerization of 45 and 113 were prepared with ≥94% chain-end function...

/pdf/thermoreversible-block-copolymer-worm-gels-using-binary-2mhwf8cl00.pdf

Thermoreversible Block Copolymer Worm Gels Using Binary Mixtures of PEG Stabilizer Blocks

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2016/py/c6py00696e

Nicholas J. W. Penfold

Papers

Emerging trends in polymerization-induced self-assembly

pH-Responsive non-ionic diblock copolymers: protonation of a morpholine end-group induces an order–order transition

Semi-crystalline diblock copolymer nano-objects prepared via RAFT alcoholic dispersion polymerization of stearyl methacrylate

Thermoreversible Block Copolymer Worm Gels Using Binary Mixtures of PEG Stabilizer Blocks

Bespoke cationic nano-objects via RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerisation