A mobile terminal including a body; a touchscreen provided to a front and extending to side of the body and configured to display content; and a controller configured to detect one side of the body comes into contact with one side of an external terminal, display a first area on the touchscreen corresponding to a contact area of the body and the external terminal and a second area including the content, receive an input of moving the content displayed in the second area to the first area, display the content in the first area, and share the content in the first area with the external terminal.

Mobile terminal and method for controlling the same

High-throughput screening (HTS) assays enable the testing of large numbers of chemical substances for activity in diverse areas of biology. The biological responses measured in HTS assays span isolated biochemical systems containing purified receptors or enzymes to signal transduction pathways and complex networks functioning in cellular environments. This Review addresses factors that need to be considered when implementing assays for HTS and is aimed particularly at investigators new to this field. We discuss assay design strategies, the major detection technologies and examples of HTS assays for common target classes, cellular pathways and simple cellular phenotypes. We conclude with special considerations for configuring sensitive, robust, informative and economically feasible HTS assays.

High-throughput screening assays for the identification of chemical probes

Digital pathology and microscopy image analysis is widely used for comprehensive studies of cell morphology or tissue structure. Manual assessment is labor intensive and prone to interobserver variations. Computer-aided methods, which can significantly improve the objectivity and reproducibility, have attracted a great deal of interest in recent literature. Among the pipeline of building a computer-aided diagnosis system, nucleus or cell detection and segmentation play a very important role to describe the molecular morphological information. In the past few decades, many efforts have been devoted to automated nucleus/cell detection and segmentation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the recent state-of-the-art nucleus/cell segmentation approaches on different types of microscopy images including bright-field, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, and electron microscopies. In addition, we discuss the challenges for the current methods and the potential future work of nucleus/cell detection and segmentation.

Robust Nucleus/Cell Detection and Segmentation in Digital Pathology and Microscopy Images: A Comprehensive Review

Determining the growth patterns of single cells offers answers to some of the most elusive questions in contemporary cell biology: how cell growth is regulated and how cell size distributions are maintained. For example, a linear growth in time implies that there is no regulation required to maintain homeostasis; an exponential pattern indicates the opposite. Recently, there has been great effort to measure single cells using microelectromechanical systems technology, and several important questions have been explored. However, a unified, easy-to-use methodology to measure the growth rate of individual adherent cells of various sizes has been lacking. Here we demonstrate that a newly developed optical interferometric technique, known as spatial light interference microscopy, can measure the cell dry mass of many individual adherent cells in various conditions, over spatial scales from micrometers to millimeters, temporal scales ranging from seconds to days, and cell types ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. We found evidence of exponential growth in Escherichia coli, which agrees very well with other recent reports. Perhaps most importantly, combining spatial light interference microscopy with fluorescence imaging provides a unique method for studying cell cycle-dependent growth. Thus, by using a fluorescent reporter for the S phase, we measured single cell growth over each phase of the cell cycle in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells and found that the G2 phase exhibits the highest growth rate, which is mass-dependent and can be approximated by an exponential.

/pdf/optical-measurement-of-cycle-dependent-cell-growth-4vagpgmlh5.pdf

Optical measurement of cycle-dependent cell growth

Cell Population Tracking and Lineage Construction with Spatiotemporal Context

Spatio-temporal cell cycle phase analysis using level sets and fast marching methods.

High-Throughput Multi-Parameter Profiling of Electrophysiological Drug Effects in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes using Multi-Electrode Arrays

Background 
Definitive endoderm (DE) is one of the three germ layers which during in vivo vertebrate development gives rise to a variety of organs including liver, lungs, thyroid and pancreas; consequently efficient in vitro initiation of stem cell differentiation to DE cells is a prerequisite for successful cellular specification to subsequent DE-derived cell types [1, 2]. In this study we present a novel approach to rapidly and efficiently down regulate pluripotency genes during initiation of differentiation to DE cells by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to Activin A-based culture medium and report its effects on the downstream differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells.


Materials and Methods 
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to DE using standard methods in medium supplemented with 100ng/ml of Activin A and compared to cultures where DE specification was additionally enhanced with different concentrations of DMSO. DE cells were subsequently primed to generate hepatic-like cells to investigate whether the addition of DMSO during formation of DE improved subsequent expression of hepatic markers. A combination of flow cytometry, real-time quantitative reverse PCR and immunofluorescence was applied throughout the differentiation process to monitor expression of pluripotency (POUF5/OCT4 & NANOG), definitive endoderm (SOX17, CXCR4 & GATA4) and hepatic (AFP & ALB) genes to generate differentiation stage-specific signatures.


Results 
Addition of DMSO to the Activin A-based medium during DE specification resulted in rapid down regulation of the pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG, accompanied by an increase expression of the DE genes SOX17, CXCR4 and GATA4. Importantly, the expression level of ALB in DMSO-treated cells was also higher than in cells which were differentiated to the DE stage via standard Activin A treatment.

/pdf/dmso-efficiently-down-regulates-pluripotency-genes-in-human-5dyof5z07n.pdf

DMSO efficiently down regulates pluripotency genes in human embryonic stem cells during definitive endoderm derivation and increases the proficiency of hepatic differentiation.

In the past decade, high-content screening has become a highly developed approach to obtaining richly descriptive quantitative phenotypic data using automated microscopy. From early use in drug screening, the technique has evolved to embrace a diverse range of applications in both academic and industrial sectors and is now widely recognized as providing an efficient and effective approach to large-scale programs investigating cell biology in situ and in context.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1087057109353790

High-Content Screening: A Decade of Evolution

Automated analysis of live cells over extended time periods requires both novel assays and automated image analysis algorithms. Among other applications, this is necessary for studying the effect of inhibitor compounds which are designed to block the replication of cancerous cells in a high-throughput environment. Due to their toxicity, fluorescent dyes cannot be used to mark nuclei. Instead, the cell cycle itself may be marked with a fluorescent protein. This paper describes a set of image analysis methods designed to automatically segment nuclei in 2D time-lapse images. Since each nucleus is unstained, it needs to be segmented from the surrounding stained cytoplasm, and since the appearance of each cell depends on its stage in the cell cycle, standard image processing techniques cannot be used for localization. This paper addresses these challenges by segmenting the spatio-temporal volume using level sets. Experimental results show the promise of this approach.

Nicholas Thomas

Papers

Spatio-temporal cell cycle phase analysis using level sets and fast marching methods.

High-Throughput Multi-Parameter Profiling of Electrophysiological Drug Effects in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes using Multi-Electrode Arrays

DMSO efficiently down regulates pluripotency genes in human embryonic stem cells during definitive endoderm derivation and increases the proficiency of hepatic differentiation.

High-Content Screening: A Decade of Evolution

Spatio-temporal cell cycle analysis using 3D level set segmentation of unstained nuclei in line scan confocal fluorescence images