Men and Women of the Corporation

The Political Consciousness of Post-Industrialism@@@The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics.

The Science Question in Feminism

Longitudinal studies have shown the long-term impact of attitudes, values, and aspirations on labor market behavior and outcomes. However, sociological theory has so far failed to incorporate this new knowledge. Preference theory does so, positing that recent social and economic changes give women genuine choices for the first time in history. A 1999 national survey in Britain shows that women choose three distinct combinations of market work and family work: They have home-centered, work-centered, or adaptive lifestyle preferences. The survey confirms that lifestyle preferences are a major determinant of fertility, employment patterns, and job choice. However, lifestyle preferences no longer determine occupational choice.

Lifestyle Preferences as Determinants of Women's Differentiated Labor Market Careers:

This study uses newly collected time diary data to assess gender differences in both quantity and quality offree time, including measures of contamination offree time by nonleisure activities such as household chores, thefragmentation offree time, and how frequently children's needs must be accommodated duringfree-time activities. Our findings suggest that men and women do experience free time very differently. Men tend to have more of it. Marriage and children exacerbate the gender gap and market work hours erode men's and women's free time in different ways. Ourfindings reveal that despite gains toward gender equality in other domains, discrepancies

Gender Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Free Time: The U.S. Experience

Si la feminisation du corps medical est desormais un phenomene massif dans tous les pays occidentaux, elle suscite des analyses quelque peu contradictoires. La plupart des etudes oscillent entre une posture « universaliste », supposant que les femmes medecins adopteront, a terme, les memes pratiques professionnelles que les generations precedentes, composees essentiellement d’hommes et une perspective d’inspiration « essentialiste », mettant largement l’accent sur les « specificites » de l’exercice medical au feminin. Ici, nous montrons que les femmes medecins tendent effectivement a adopter des pratiques specifiques, notamment en matiere de gestion de l’interface vie familiale et vie professionnelle. Toutefois, ces soi-disant « specificites feminines » sont de plus en plus souvent adoptees par des medecins hommes aussi. En effet, a partir du moment ou ces hommes se trouvent en couple avec des femmes diplomees qui tiennent a rentabiliser leurs etudes sur le marche de l’emploi, il leur est tout aussi difficile de se conformer aux principes de « l’ethos » de la disponibilite permanente a l’egard des patients qui a longtemps prevalu dans cette profession en France. Si les hommes continuent de dominer les echelons superieurs de la profession, ils n’echappent pas pour autant aux exigences de modification de leurs rapports a l’exercice medical et a la sphere domestique et familiale. L’analyse des dynamiques professionnelles exige donc une attention particuliere a la dynamique du genre comme principe d’organisation de l’exercice medical.

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Féminisation du corps médical et dynamiques professionnelles dans le champ de la santé

Equality with men in the world of paid work has been a major feminist objective. Given that work in the `public' sphere has historically been shaped on the assumption that the `worker' will be male, then national employment systems which facilitate masculine employment patterns (i.e. full-time work and unbroken employment careers) might be expected to be more likely to generate gender equality. This paper compares women's employment in France (where `masculine' careers for women are common) and Britain (where part-time work and broken employment careers are more likely) at the macro, meso (occupational), and micro (individual) levels. The two occupations studied are finance and pharmacy. The evidence presented suggests that there are considerable similarities between women in the two countries at the occupational and individual level, despite national variations. In the light of this evidence, structural and individual explanations of women's employment behaviour are examined, and the continuing significa...

Paid employment and the changing system of gender relations : A cross-national comparison

In this paper, we will explore how contrasting national discourses relating to women, and gender equality have been incorporated into and reflected in national policies. In the first section, we will outline the recent history of EU equal opportunities policy, in which positive action has been replaced by a policy of 'mainstreaming'. Second, we will describe the evolution of policies towards women and equal opportunities in Britain and France. It will be argued that whereas some degree of positive action for women has been accepted in Britain, this policy is somewhat alien to French thinking about equality - although pro-natalist French policies have resulted in favourable conditions for employed mothers in France. In the third section, we will present some attitudinal evidence, drawn from national surveys, which would appear to reflect the national policy differences we have identified in respect of the 'equality agenda'. In the fourth section, we will draw upon biographical interviews carried out with m...

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Gender, family and employment in comparative perspective: the realities and representations of equal opportunities in Britain and France:

It is a well established fact that the entry of women into higher‐level professional occupations has not resulted in their equal distribution within these occupations. Indeed, the emergence and persistence of horizontal and vertical gender segregation within the professions has been at the heart of the development of a range of alternative theoretical perspectives on both the “feminisation process” and the future of the “professions”more generally. Through an in‐depth comparative analysis of the recent changes in the organisation and administration of the medical profession in Britain and France, this paper draws upon statistical data and biographical interviews with male and female general practitioners (GPs) in both countries in order to discuss and review a variety of approaches that have been adopted to explain and analyse the “eminisation” process of higher‐level professions. Our conclusions review the theoretical debates in the light of the evidence we have presented. It is argued that, despite important elements of continuity in respect of gendered occupational structuring in both countries, national variations in both professional and domestic gendered architectures lead to different outcomes as far as the extent and patterns of internal occupational segregation are concerned. Both female and male doctors are currently seeking – with some effect – to resist thepressures of medicine on family life.

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Continuity and Change in the Gender Segregation of the Medical Profession in Britain and France

In the era of global competition, academic institutions are increasingly being managed as efficient organizations where early career academics are the most vulnerable group in the academic hierarchy. We use gender budgeting to deconstruct the financial and managerial processes and procedures in a selected academic institution in Iceland. Drawing on multiple data collection methods, we argue that new managerialism enhances the precarious position of early career academics, especially women and those in the more feminized fields. Furthermore, we show that the system's bias in favour of so‐called hard science generates gendered consequences for early career academics. We demonstrate this structural gender bias in each of the first three stages of an academic career: PhD, postdoc and other temporary positions, and assistant professorship. By highlighting the gendered consequences of new managerialism, we want to direct attention to the need to include a gender perspective in the budgeting and all the decision‐making processes in academic institutions.

https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_A20D55ACEFC8.P001/REF.pdf

Nicky Le Feuvre

Papers

Féminisation du corps médical et dynamiques professionnelles dans le champ de la santé

Paid employment and the changing system of gender relations : A cross-national comparison

Gender, family and employment in comparative perspective: the realities and representations of equal opportunities in Britain and France:

Continuity and Change in the Gender Segregation of the Medical Profession in Britain and France

New managerialism in the academy: Gender bias and precarity