다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

■ Abstract Apoptosis is a genetically programmed, morphologically distinct form of cell death that can be triggered by a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli. Studies performed over the past 10 years have demonstrated that proteases play critical roles in initiation and execution of this process. The caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, are prominent among the death proteases. Caspases are synthesized as relatively inactive zymogens that become activated by scaffold-mediated transactivation or by cleavage via upstream proteases in an intracellular cascade. Regulation of caspase activation and activity occurs at several different levels: ( a) Zymogen gene transcription is regulated; ( b) antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family and other cellular polypeptides block proximity-induced activation of certain procaspases; and ( c) certain cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) can bind to and inhibit active caspases. Once activated, caspases cleave a variety of intracellular polypeptides, including major structural elements of the cytoplasm and nucleus, components of the DNA repair machinery, and a number of protein kinases. Collectively, these scissions disrupt survival pathways and disassemble important architectural components of the cell, contributing to the stereotypic morphological and biochemical changes that characterize apoptotic cell death.

Mammalian caspases: structure ,a ctivation ,s ubstrates, and functions during apoptosis

Innate immunity of fish (overview).

The integumental defenses provide a physical and chemical barrier to the attachment and penetration of microbes. Besides the entrapping and sloughing of microbes in the mucus, the latter contains many antibacterial substances including anti-bacterial peptides, lysozyme, lectins and proteases. The gastro-intestinal tract is a hostile environment of acids, bile salts and enzymes able to inactivate and digest many viruses and bacteria. In most cases the integumental defenses are sufficient to protect against even quite virulent organisms which often only produce disease when the integument has been physically damaged. If a microbe gains access to the tissues of the fish, it is met with an array of soluble and cellular defenses. The complement system, present in the blood plasma, plays a central role in recognising bacteria and its activated products may lyse the bacterial cells, initiate inflammation, induce the influx of phagocytes and enhance their phagocytic activity. Complement can be activated directly by bacterial products and constituents and also indirectly by other factors, principally C-reactive protein and lectins, which can also bind to the bacterial surface. Plasma also contains a number of factors which inhibit bacterial growth(e.g. transferrin and anti-proteases) or which are bactericidal e.g. lysozyme. Following the infection of fish with virus pathogens, infected cells produce interferon. This induces antiviral defenses in neighbouring cells which are then protected from becoming infected. Anti-viral cytotoxic cells are able to lyse virally infected cells and thus reduce the rate of multiplication of virus within them. Innate defenses thus provide a pre-existing and fast-acting system of protection which is non-specific and relatively temperature-independent and thus has several advantages over the slow-acting and temperature-dependent specific immune responses.

Innate host defense mechanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria

Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective.

Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast beta-glucan (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

Immunohistochemistry of gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.)

Monoclonal antibodies against sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.) immunoglobulins: immunolocalisation of immunoglobulin-bearing cells and applicability in immunoassays

Production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody against the thymocytes of the sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.) (Teleostea, Percicthydae)

Immunocytochemical detection of thymocyte antigenic determinants in developing lymphoid organs of sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.)

Nicla Romano

Papers

Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast beta-glucan (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

Immunohistochemistry of gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.)

Monoclonal antibodies against sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.) immunoglobulins: immunolocalisation of immunoglobulin-bearing cells and applicability in immunoassays

Production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody against the thymocytes of the sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.) (Teleostea, Percicthydae)

Immunocytochemical detection of thymocyte antigenic determinants in developing lymphoid organs of sea bassDicentrarchus labrax(L.)