https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/33/9/907.1.full.pdf

Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis

Staphylococcus aureus has been an exceptionally successful pathogen, which is still relevant in modern age-medicine due to its adaptability and tenacity. This bacterium may be a causative agent in a plethora of infections, owing to its abundance (in the environment and in the normal flora) and the variety of virulence factors that it possesses. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains-first described in 1961-are characterized by an altered penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a/c) and resistance to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, which makes the β-lactam armamentarium clinically ineffective. The acquisition of additional resistance determinants further complicates their eradication; therefore, MRSA can be considered as the first representative of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Based on 230 references, the aim of this review is to recap the history, the emergence, and clinical features of various MRSA infections (hospital-, community-, and livestock-associated), and to summarize the current advances regarding MRSA screening, typing, and therapeutic options (including lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones, anti-MRSA cephalosporins, novel pleuromutilin-, tetracycline- and quinolone-derivatives, daptomycin, fusidic acid, in addition to drug candidates in the development phase), both for an audience of clinical microbiologists and infectious disease specialists.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/8/2/52/pdf

The Continuing Threat of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Acute gastroenteritis in children.

(Index words: MIC; VISA strains; teicoplanin; disc diffusion antibiotic sensitivity tests) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v48i2.3375 CMJ 2003; 48(2): 58-59

/pdf/staphylococcus-aureus-with-reduced-susceptibility-to-1ssncow0bh.pdf

Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.

Is Chryseobacterium indologenes a shunt-lover bacterium? A case report and review of the literature Chryseobacterium indologenes predilige gli shunt? D escrizione di un caso clinico e rassegna della letteratura

Chryseobacterium indologenes is a non-fermentative Gram-negative bacillus formerly belonging to the Flavobacterium genus. It is widely found in water and soil, also on wet surfaces of the hospital environment. It rarely causes infections and is usually associated with altered immune status or indwelling devices. We present a case of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection caused by C. indologenes in a premature pediatric patient. A six-month-old male infant with congenital hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunt was admitted with complaints of irritability, high fever and projectile vomiting. He was diagnosed as suffering from meningitis based on the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of cerebrospinal fluid. The ventriculoperitoneal shunt was externalized and cerebrospinal fluid samples were sent for bacterial cultures. The isolated bacterium was identified as C. indologenes by conventional methods and the BD Phoenix™ 100 (Becton Dickinson, MD, USA) fully automated microbiology system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the microdilution method and Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The isolate was found susceptible to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefoperazone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while it was resistant to amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, imipenem and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid. The treatment was started with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefoperazone-sulbactam The ventriculoperitoneal shunt was then removed. The patient was fully healed after two weeks and discharged. Central nervous system infection is a rare form of C. indologenes infections. The case presented herein may make a useful contribution to the existing literature.

Is Chryseobacterium indologenes a shunt-lover bacterium? A case report and review of the literature.

Staphylococcus aureus causes serious hospital-acquired (HA) and community-acquired (CA) infections Skin and soft-tissue infections especially are sometimes caused by strains harbouring Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) PVL belongs to a family of bi-component leukocidal toxins produced by staphylococci It is a pore-forming toxin encoded by lukF-PV and lukS-PV A total of 70 S aureus strains: 38 (54%) methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and 32 (46%) methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), were isolated from patients admitted to Dicle University Hospital (Turkey) Identification of S aureus and antibiotics-susceptibility testing were performed with PHOENIX 100 PVL genes and mecA genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction Of the 70 studied strains, 36 ones (51%) were community acquired and 34 ones (49%) were hospital acquired  A total of 38 (54%) strains were positive for mecA (mecA +), of which 32 ones (84%) were HA Of the mecA − strains, 30 (94%) were CA Of the 70 studied strains, 12 (17%) strains were PVL+: 8 (22%) of the 36 CA strains and 4 (12%) of the 34 HA strains Of the 12 PVL+ strains, 4 strains were mecA + The PVL positivity rate was 25% in MSSA, whereas 105% in MRSA Of the overall PVL+ strains, seven strains were obtained from wounds; four ones from skin abscess; and one from blood culture Taken together, the obtained results showed a substantial level of PVL genes in the studied region Although PVL is known as a common virulence factor of CA MRSA, HA MRSA isolates in our study showed a considerable rate of PVL positivity

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2014.976457

Panton-Valentine leukocidin in community and hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strains

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjm/v45n3/10.pdf

In vitro susceptibility to methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid of staphylococci isolated from bloodstream infections in eastern Turkey.

Objective To evaluate the febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies hospitalized in hematology clinic with poor hygiene standards. Methods A total of 124 patients with hematological malignancies (69 male, 55 female) hospitalized in hematology clinic with poor hygiene conditions depending on hospital conditions, between January 2007 and December 2010, were evaluated, retrospectively. Results In this study, 250 febrile neutropenia episodes developing in 124 hospitalized patients were evaluated. Of the patients, 69 were men (56%) and 55 women (44%). A total of 40 patients (32%) had acute myeloid leukemia, 25 (20%) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 19 (15%) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 10 (8%) multiple myeloma, and 8 (8%) chronic myeloid leukemia. In our study, 56 patients (22%) were diagnosed as pneumonia, 38 (15%) invasive aspergillosis, 38 (15%) sepsis, 16 (6%) typhlitis, 9 (4%) mucormycosis, and 4 (2%) urinary tract infection. Gram-positive cocci were isolated from 52% (n = 20), while Gram-negative bacilli 42% (n = 16) and yeasts from 6% (n = 2) of the sepsis patients, respectively. The most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 18), while the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria was Escherichia coli (n = 10). Conclusions Febrile neutropenia is still a problem in patients with hematological malignancies. The documentation of the flora and detection of causative agents of infections in each unit would help to decide appropriate empirical therapy. Infection control procedures should be applied for preventing infections and transmissions.

Nida Özcan

Papers

Is Chryseobacterium indologenes a shunt-lover bacterium? A case report and review of the literature Chryseobacterium indologenes predilige gli shunt? D escrizione di un caso clinico e rassegna della letteratura

Is Chryseobacterium indologenes a shunt-lover bacterium? A case report and review of the literature.

Panton-Valentine leukocidin in community and hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strains

In vitro susceptibility to methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid of staphylococci isolated from bloodstream infections in eastern Turkey.

Evaluation of febrile neutropenic patients hospitalized in a hematology clinic