Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5176125/5177635/05177990.pdf

Amplifying Devices and Low-Pass Amplifier Design

Static energy meters can be forced to give misreadings due to conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). In previous research cases lower and higher readings of static energy meters were observed. In this paper an overview of previously reported lab experiments is given and further analyzed. The various situations are showing errors in the energy readings with respect to a reference meter. Based on these findings measurements are done using a dimmer in combination with a series of compact fluorescent lightning (CFL) and light emitting diode (LED) lamps. This setup was powered using a non-distorted mains power supply created by a four-quadrant amplifier combined with a line impedance stabilization network (LISN) to create a stable line impedance. The setup creates a pulsed current waveform with a short rise time. By using various line inductances the slope of the pulse is lowered and a correlation between the inclination of the slope and the deviations of the static meters is shown.

/pdf/inclination-of-fast-changing-currents-effect-the-readings-of-1dpxn11qf6.pdf

Inclination of Fast Changing Currents Effect the Readings of Static Energy Meters

The real-time information of enemy locations is capable to transform the outcome of combat operations. Such information gathered using connected soldiers on the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) is highly beneficial to create situational awareness (SA) and to plan an effective war strategy. This article presents the novel enemy localization method that uses the soldier’s own locations and their gunshot direction. The hardware prototype has been developed that uses a triangulation for an enemy localization in two soldiers and a single enemy scenario. 4.24±1.77 m of average localization error and ±4° of gunshot direction error has been observed during this prototype testing. This basic model is further extended using three-stage software simulation for multiple soldiers and multiple enemy scenarios with the necessary assumptions. The effective algorithm has been proposed, which differentiates between the ghost and true predictions by analyzing the groups of subsequent shooting intents (i.e., frames). Four different complex scenarios are tested in the first stage of the simulation, around three to six frames are required for the accurate enemy localization in the relatively simple cases, and nine frames are required for the complex cases. The random error within ±4° in gunshot direction is included in the second stage of the simulation which required almost double the number of frames for similar four cases. As the number of frames increases, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm improves and better ghost point elimination is observed. In the third stage, two conventional clustering algorithms are implemented to validate the presented work. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed algorithm is faster, computationally simple, consistent, and reliable compared with others. Detailed analysis of hardware and software results for various scenarios has been discussed in this article.

The Internet-of-Battlefield-Things (IoBT)-Based Enemy Localization Using Soldiers Location and Gunshot Direction

Performance of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters in power-electronics applications is limited by the parasitic coupling between the components of the filters and the self-parasitic of each component. While these parasitic effects can be partially taken into account on the circuit level, it is difficult to estimate their values. In this article, a full-wave modeling methodology is proposed to predict the performance of a complete EMI filter up to 1 GHz. Following the proposed methodology, the mutual couplings among the EMI filter components are taken into account as well as the self-parasitics of each individual component. Experiments and simulations are carried out to validate the modeling methodology. A self-parasitic cancellation technique is also applied to demonstrate the benefits of three-dimensional modeling methodology in EMI filter design.

Modeling Strategy for EMI Filters

Conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) can affect the energy readings of static energy meters. Lower readings of static energy meters have been reported in many publications, and higher readings were found when lighting equipment in combination with a dimmer was used as a load. In this paper it is shown that by using an off the shelf water pump as a consumer, faulty deviations on the static meters with respect to a reference meter can be found. In the most extreme case, using a standard mains supply, deviations between-61% and +2675% were found. When an ideal power supply with a standardized mains impedance was used deviations between-19% and +483% were shown to exist.

/pdf/faulty-readings-of-static-energy-meters-caused-by-conducted-1wtc7xk192.pdf

Faulty readings of static energy meters caused by conducted electromagnetic interference from a water pump

A novel method for EMI evaluation in random modulated power electronic converters

Readings of static energy meters can be affected by conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). Previous research reported many cases where lower and higher readings of static energy meters were observed. In this paper experiments with a water pump, controlled by speed regulators, resulted in huge errors in energy readings of static meters with respect to a reference meter. The speed regulators are intended to be used in conjunction with such water pumps. The tests were performed using a non-distorted mains power supply created by a four-quadrant amplifier with an internal impedance in accordance with the standards. The deviations observed are between −91% and +175% compared to the reference meter. The current waveforms attributed to these large deviations show large spikes with rise times of a few microseconds.

/pdf/misreadings-of-static-energy-meters-due-to-conducted-emi-49y3w1f715.pdf

Misreadings of Static Energy Meters due to Conducted EMI caused by Fast Changing Current

To reduce common mode(CM) and differential mode(DM) interference, a DM/CM integrated filter is often required to reduce the level of interference. This paper will show coupling from a Common Mode Choke(CMC) into C x capacitors can decrease the DM-filtering performance significantly at high frequencies. By retrieving equivalent circuit parameters from a 3D EM field simulation of the components, and include these parameters in the circuit simulator, an optimal capacitor orientation is determined. The optimized placement results in a 15 dB improvement between 5 MHz and 200 MHz.

Niek Moonen

Papers

Faulty readings of static energy meters caused by conducted electromagnetic interference from a water pump

Inclination of Fast Changing Currents Effect the Readings of Static Energy Meters

A novel method for EMI evaluation in random modulated power electronic converters

Misreadings of Static Energy Meters due to Conducted EMI caused by Fast Changing Current

Optimizing capacitor placement in EMI-filter using back annotation of 3D field coupling parameters in circuit models