The analytical applications of the evolved gas analyses (EGAs) performed by mass spectrometry for the period extending from 2005 to 2010 are collected in this review. By EGA, the nature of volatile products released by a substance subjected to a controlled temperature program are determined on-line, with the possibility to prove a supposed reaction either under isothermal or under heating conditions.

Evolved Gas Analysis by Mass Spectrometry

Materials at the nanoscale exhibit specific physicochemical interactions with their environment. Therefore, evaluating their toxic potential is a primary requirement for regulatory purposes and for the safer development of nanomedicines. In this review, to aid the understanding of nano–bio interactions from environmental and health and safety perspectives, the potential, reality, challenges, and future advances that artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) present are described. Herein, AI and ML algorithms that assist in the reporting of the minimum information required for biomaterial characterization and aid in the development and establishment of standard operating procedures are focused. ML tools and ab initio simulations adopted to improve the reproducibility of data for robust quantitative comparisons and to facilitate in silico modeling and meta‐analyses leading to a substantial contribution to safe‐by‐design development in nanotoxicology/nanomedicine are mainly focused. In addition, future opportunities and challenges in the application of ML in nanoinformatics, which is particularly well‐suited for the clinical translation of nanotherapeutics, are highlighted. This comprehensive review is believed that it will promote an unprecedented involvement of AI research in improvements in the field of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Empower Advanced Biomedical Material Design to Toxicity Prediction

The hydrolysis of [Bi6O4(OH)4(NO3)6]·H2O (1) in the presence of sodium alkylsulfonates gave the oxidobismuth sulfonates [{Bi38O45(C4H7SO3)8(NO3)14(dmso)19.5(H2O)2}][{Bi38O45(C4H7SO3)10(NO3)16(dmso)16(H2O)2}]·3H2O·3dmso (2, dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide), [Bi38O45(C6H13SO3)14(NO3)10(dmso)28] (3), and [Bi38O45(C8H17SO3)16(NO3)8(dmso)12] (4) upon crystallization from dmso. Compound 2 is the first example of a nanoscaled oxidobismuth cluster that is composed of both an anionic (charge 2–) and a cationic (charge 2+) fragment in the solid state. The clusters were characterized by elemental analysis, ESI mass spectrometry, IR and NMR spectroscopy, as well as thermal analysis. Crystals obtained for 2 were suitable for single-crystal structure analysis.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polynuclear Oxidobismuth Sulfonates

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of [Bi6O6(OH)2](NH2C6H4SO3)4

Synthesis and thermochemistry of new phase BaCe0.7Nd0.2In0.1O2.85

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of new compound containing Bi(III) complex and 4-toluenesulfonate

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of [Bi6O4(OH)4](NH2SO3)6

New [Bi6O4(OH)4](CH3NHC6H4SO3)6 complex: synthesis and thermal decomposition

The anodic behaviour of bismuth in aqueous p-toluenesulfonic acid at three different concentrations and in the potential range from 0 to 1.0 V is studied. A significant amount of white precipitate on the bismuth surface is synthesized at selected potentials. The morphology and elemental composition of the anodic layers are observed using SEM and EDS, respectively. The composition and crystallinity of the product at 1.0 V are determined using FT-IR, ICP, XPS and XRD analytical methods. The composition of the anodic product is compared with that of an already known product synthesized via a chemical reaction between Bi2O3 and p-toluenesulfonic acid. The results show that the anodic product has a composition of [Bi6O4(OH)4](C7H7SO3)6. Hence, this product can be prepared via electrochemical synthesis by the potentiostatic polarization of bismuth at 1.0 V.

Nikolay Kaloyanov

Papers

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of [Bi6O6(OH)2](NH2C6H4SO3)4

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of new compound containing Bi(III) complex and 4-toluenesulfonate

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of [Bi6O4(OH)4](NH2SO3)6

New [Bi6O4(OH)4](CH3NHC6H4SO3)6 complex: synthesis and thermal decomposition

Electrochemical synthesis of a new Bi(III) complex by anodic oxidation of Bi in an aqueous solution of 4-toluenesulfonic acid